The Tutelo Tribe and Language

March 2, 1883.]

tHale.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.

HELD AT PBILADELPHIA, FOE PROIOTOG USEFUL OOWLEDfiE.

VOL. XXI.

1883.

No. 114.

THE TUTELO TRIBE AND LANGUAGE.
Bt Horatio Hale.
(Read before the American, Philosophical Society, March 2, 188S.)

The tribes of the Dakota stock, under various designations — Osages,
Quappas, Kansas, Otoes, Omahas, Minitarces (or Hidatsas), lowas, Man-
dans, Sioux (or Dakotas proper) andAssiniboins, have always been regarded
as a people of the western prairies, -^hose proper home was the vast region
lying west of the Missisdl^, and stretching from the Arkansas River on
the south totheSaskaU^l£lSNk|Aionthe north. Asingle tribe, the Winnebagoes,
who dwelt east of the .jy^jHp^^i, near the western shore of Lake Michi-
gan, were deemed tx> be ititi^iap^into the'territory of the Algonkin nations.
The fact, which has been iW(Hil3y {Uscertained, that several tribes speaking
languages of the Dakota stodk were found by th^ earliest explorers occu-
pying the country east of the Alleghenie^ along a line extending through
the southern Qart of Virginia and the northern portion of North Carolina,
nearly to the Atlantic ocean, has naturally awakened much interest. This
interest will be heightened if it shall appear that not only must our ethno-
graphical maps of North America be. modified, but that a new element has
been introduced into the theory of Indian migrations. Careful researches
seem to show that while the language of these eastern tribes is closely
allied to that of the western Dakotas, it bears evidence of being older
in form. If this conclusion shall be verified, the supposition, which at first
was natural, that these eastern tribes were merely offshoots of the Dakota
stock, must be deemed at least improbable. The course of migration may
be found to have followed the contrary direction, and the western Dakotas,
like the western Algonkins, may find their parent sto(^ in the east As
a means of solving this interesting problem, the study of the history and
language of a tribe now virtually extinct assumes a peculiar scientific value.
Philologists will notice, also, that in this study there is presented to them
a remarkable instance of an inflected language closely allied in its vocaba-

PBOC. AKEB. PmiiOS. SCO. XYT. 114. A. PKEETrSD XABCH 26, 1883.

Hale.l ^ [March 2,

lary and in many of its forms to dialects which are mainly agglutinative
in their structure, and bear but slight traces of inflection.

In the year 1671 an exploring party under Captain Batt, leaving "the
Apomatock Town," on the James River, penetrated into the mountains
of Western Virginia, at a distance, by the route they traveled, of two hun-
dred and fifty miles from their starting point. At this point they found
" the Tolera Town in a very rich swamp between a breach [branch] and
the main river of the Roanoke, circled about by mountains."* There are
many errata in the printed narrative, and the circumstances leave no
doubt that "Tolera" should be " Totera." On their way to this town the
party had passed the Sapong [Sapony] town, which, according to the
journal, was about one hundred and fifty miles west of the Apomatock
Town, and about a hundred miles east of the "Toleras." A few years
later we shall find these tribes in closer vicinity and connection.

At this period the Five Nations were at the height of their power, and in
the full flush of that^reer of congest which extended their empire from
jrthe Georgian Bay oirlhe north to the Roanoke River on the south. They
had destroyed the Hurons and the Erics, had crushed the Andastes (or
Conesto^ Indians), h.id reduced the Dela wares to subjection, and were
now brought into direct collision with the tribes of Virginia and the Caro-
Unas. The Toteras (whom we shall henceforth know as the Tutdoes)
began to feel their power. In 1635 the French missionaries had occasion
to record a projected expedition of the Senecas against a people designated
in the printed letter the ''Tolere," — the same misprint occurring once
more in the same publication.t The traditions of the Tuteloes record long
continued and destructive wars waged against them and their allies by
the Iroquois, and more especially by the two western nations, the Cayu-
gas and Senecas. To escai>e the incursions of their numerous and relent-
less enemies, they retreated further to the south and east. Here they
came under the observation of a skilled explorer, John Lawson, the Sur-
veyor-General of South Carolina. In 1701, Lawson traveled from Char-
leston, S. C, to Famlicosound. In this journey he leffcthe sea-coastat the
mouth of the Santee river, and pursued a northward course into the hilly
country, whence he turned eastward to Pamlico. At the Sapona river,
which was the west branch of the Cape Fear or Clarendon river, he came
to the Sapona town, where he was well received. ^ He there heard of the
Toterosas "a neighboring nation "in the ** western mountains." "At
that time," he adds, "these Toteros, Sai>onas, and the Eeyawees, three
small nations, were goihg to live together, by which they thought they
should strengthen themselves and become formidable to their enemies."

*Batrs Journal ana BelaUon of a New Discovery^ la N. T. Hist. CoL Yol. iU,
p. 191.

fLambreTille to Brayas, Xov. 4, 1696, ia K. T. Hist. CoL, Yol« iii^ p. 484.

t Gallatin sa^ests tiiat Lawson was bere in error, and that the Sapona river
was a branch of the Great Pedee, which he does not mention, and some branches
which he evidently mistook fbr tributaries of the Cape Fear river.— iSjfnoptij of
the Jndian Tribes, p. 86.

1883. J

[Hale.

They were then at Var with the powerfur'and dreaded Senecas— whom
Lawson styles Sinnagers. While he was at the Sapona town, some of the
Toteras warriors came to visit their allies. Lawson was struck'with their
appearance. He describes them, in his quaint idiom, as "tall, likely men.
having great plenty of bufialoes, elks and bears, with every sort of deer,
amongst them, which strong food makes large, robust bodies." In another
place he adds: "These five nations of the Toteros, Saponas, Keiauwees,
Aconechos and Schoicories are lately come amongst us, and may contain
in all about 750 men, women and children."* It is known that the Tote-
roes (or Tuteloes) and Saponas understood each other's ^speech, and it is
highly probable that all the five tribes belonged to the same stock. They^y
had doubtless fled together from southwestern Virginia before their Iro-
quois invaders. The position in which they had taken refuge might well
have seemed to them safe, as it placed between them and their enemies
the strong and warlike Tuscarora nation, which numbered then, accord-
ing to Lawson's estimate, twelve hundred warriors, clustered in fifteen
towns, stretching along the Neuse and Tar rivers. Tet, even behind this
living rampart, the feeble confederates were not secure, Lawson was
shown, near the Sapona town, the graves of seven Indians who had been
lately killed by the "Sinnegars or Jennitos" — aames by which Gallatin
understands the Senecas and Oneidas, though as regards the latter identi-
fication there may be some question.

The noteworthy fact mentioned by Lawson, that buffaloes were found
in "greaE plenty" in the hilly country on the head waters of the Cape
Fear river, may be thought to afford a clue to the causes which account
for the appearance of tribes of Dakota lineage east of the AHeghenies. The
Dakotas are peculiarly a hunting race, and the buffalo is their favorite
game. The fact that the Big Sandy river, which fiows westward from the
AHeghenies to the Ohio, and whose head waters approach those of the
Cape Fear river, was anciently known as the Totteroy river, has been
supposed to afford an indication that the progress of the Toteros or Tate -
los, and perhaps of the buffaloes which they hunted, may be traced along
its course from the Ohio valley eastward. There are evidences which seem
to show that this valley was at one time the residence, or at least the hunt-
ing-ground, of tribes of the Dakota stock. Gravier (in 1700) affirms that
the Ohio river was called by the Illinois and the Miamis the Akansea
river, because the Akanseas formerly dwelt along it.t The Akanseas
were identical with the Quappas, and have at a later day given their name
to the river and State of Arkansas. Catlin fotmd reason for believing

♦ Iiawson*s ** History of Carolina ;" reprinted by Strother & Marcom« Raleigh,
1S60 ; p. 384.

t " Elle " (the Ohio) " s^appelle par les Illinois et par Ics Oumiamls la rivldre
aes Akanseas, parceqae les Akanseas rhabitoient autrefois."— Gravier, Relation
da Voyage, p. 10. I am indebted for this and other references to my esteemed
. friend. Or. J. G. Shea, whose unsurpassed knowledge of Indian history Is not
more admirable tlian the liberality with which its stores are placed at the oomi>
mand of his firlends.

fflhi-

Hale-l * [March 2,

that the Mandans, another tribe of the Southern Dakota stock, fonnerly
— and at no very distant period— resided in the valley of the Ohio. The
peculiar trace*; in the soil which marked the foundations of their dwellings
and the position of their villages were evident, heaffirnis, at various points
along that river. It is by no means improbable that when the buffalo
abounded on the Ohio, the Dakota tribes found its valley their natural
home, and that they receded with it to the westward of the Mississippi.
But the inference that the region west of the Mississippi was the original
home of the Dakotas, and that those of that stock who dwe.t on the Ohio
or east of the Alleghcnics were emigrants from the Western prairies, does
not, by any m^ans, follow. By the same, course of reasoning we might
conclude that the Aryans had their original seat in Western Europe, that
the Portuguese were emigrants from Bnizil, and that the English derived
theip origin from America. The migrations of races a r^n ot to be traced
by such recent and casual vijstiges. The only evidence which has real
weight in any inquiry respecting migrations in prehistoric limes is that
of language ; and where this fails, as it sometimes docs, the question must
be pronounced unsolublc.

The protection which the Tuteloes had received from the Tuscaroras
and their allies soon failed them. In the year 1711 a war broke out between
the Tu§caron\s and the Carolina settlers, which cn?5ed during the following
year in the complete defeat of the Indians. After their overthrow the
great body of the Tuscaroras retniated northward and joined the Iroquois,
who received them into their league as the sixth nation of the confederacf^.
A portion, however, remained near their original home. They merely re-
tired a short distance northward into the Virginian territory, and took up
their abode in the tract which lies between the Roanoke and the Potomac
rivers. Here they were allowed to remain at peace, under the protection of
the Virginian government. And here they were presently joined by the
Tuteloes and Saponas, with their confederates. In September, 1724, the
governors of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, held a conference at
Albany with the chiefs of the Iroquois, to endeavor to bring about a peace
between them and the southern tribes. On this occasion Governor Spottes-
wood, of Virginia, enumerated the tribes for which the government of
' his Province would undertake to engage. Amr>ng them were certain
tribes which were commonly known under the name of the ** Christanna
Indians." a name derived from that of a fort which liad been established
in their neighborhood. These vere ''the^ Saponies, Ochineeches, Sten-
kenoaks, Meipontskys, and Toteroes," all of whom, it appears, the Iro-
quois were accustomed to comprehend under the name of Todirichrbnes.*
Some confusion and uncertainty, however, arise in consulting tlje col-
onial records of this time, from the fact that this name of Todirichrones was
appU^ by the Iroquois to two distm^ tribes, or rather confederacies, of
SoutUem Indians, belonging to di^rent stocks, and speaking languages

♦H. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. 655 et seq.

1SS3.)

5

[Hale,

totally dissimilar. These were, on the one hand, the Tutelocs (or Tote-
rocs) and their allies, and, on the other, the powerful Catawba nation.
The Catawbas occupied the eastern portion of the Carolinas, south of the
Tuscarora nation. At the beginning of the last century they numberQcl
several thousand souls. As late as 1743, according to Adair, they could
^still muster four hundred warriors. A bitter animosity existed between
them and the Iroquois, leading to frequent hostilities, which the English
authorities at this conference sought to repress. It was the policy of the
Iroquois, from ancient times, always to yield to overtures of peace from
any Indian nation. On this occasion they responded in their usual spirit.
** Though there is among you," they replied to the Virginians, **a nation,
the Todirichrones, against whom we have had so inveterate an enmity
that we thought it could only be extinguished by- their total extirpation,
yet, since you desire it, we are willing to receive them into this peace, and
to ft)rget all the past-"*

Tlife Catawba language isa peculiar speech, differing widaly. if not radi-
cally, both from the Dakota and from the Iroquois languages.! The only
connection between the Catawbas and theTuteloes appears to have arisen
from the fact that they were neighboring. and#perhaps politically "allied
tribes, and were alike engaged in hostilities with the Iroquois. The
latter, however, seem to have confounded tlicm all together, under the
name of the tribe which lay nearest to the confederacy and was the best
known to them.

One result of the peace thus established was that the Tutelocs and
Saponas, after a time, determined to follow the course which had been
Uiken by the major portion of their Tuscarora friends, and place them-
selves directly under the protection of the Six Nations. Moving north-
ward across Virginia, they established themselves at Shamokin (since
named Sunbur}') in what is now the centre of Pennsylvania. It was a
region which the Iroquois held by right of conquest, its former occupants,
the Delawares and Shawanese. having been cithfix_exgelled or reduced to
subjection. Here,, under the shadow of the g/eat confederacy, many frag-

♦ X. Y. Hist. Col., Vol. V, p. fiCO.

t Gallatin, in liis Synopsis claftscs the CatawTja a^a separate stock, distinct,
from the Dakota. The vocabulary winch he itive;^eems to warrant this sepa-
ration, the resemblances of words being fki\v/a\inof a doubtful character. On
the other hand, in the first annual report of/luniureaii of Ethnology connected
with the Smithsonian Institution (Introdu/6Uon,p. :xix) theKal&ba (or Catawba)
is ranked among the languages of the IWKotan fjimily. My este'^med corre-
spondent, Mr. A.S.Gat8chet,whoseextenjtfveacquainiance wiihlndl.iii linguist-
ics gives great weight to hisopinion on »ny subject connected with this study,
informs me (March 31, 1882) that this olassiflcation was conjectural and provi-
sional, and that his subsequent researrfhes among the few survivors of the tribe
have not yet resulted in conflrmingirT They show certain traces of resemblance,
both in the vocabulary and the syntax, but too slight and distant to make the
afRliation certain. We shall liave, as he remarks, "to compare more material,
or more attentively that which we^ve, to arrive at a final result.''

/^

».c

; Hale.J ^ [March 2,

xnents of broken tribes were now congregated — C0D07S, Nanticokes, Del-
\- awares, Tuteloes^ and otbers.

i ""In September, 1745, the nus^narj, David Brainerd, visited Sbamokin.

i He describes it in his diarr as containing upwards of fifty bouses lind

nearly three hnnd^ persons. "They are,'* he says, "of three different
\ tribes of Indians, ^pealdng three languages wholly unintelligible to each

!i Other. Abont one half of its inbalMtants are Delawares, the others Senekas

I; y^ and Tatelas.'** Three years lat^, in the sttmmer of 1748, an exploring

II . ; P^rty of Moravian nussionaries passed thioogh the same region. The

j. celebrated Zeisberger, who was one of them, has lefV' a record of their

[ travels. From this we gather that the whole of the Tuteloes were not

congregated in Sbamokin. Beforereachingthattown,tbey passed tbrough
j; Skogari, in what is now Colombia coanty. In Zeisberger's biography the

i impression formed of this town by the travelers is expressed in brief but

- emphatic terms. It was ** the only town on the continent inhabited by
Tuteloes, a d^enerate remnant of tlueves and drunkards.*'! This dis-
paraging descripUon was perhaps not unmerited. Yet some regard must be
paid to a fact of which the good missionary could not be aware, namely,
that the Indians who are ^^racterized in these unsavory terms belonged
to a stock distingubhed from the other Indians whom he knew by certain
j marked tndts of character. Thd^ who are familiar with the various

I branches of the Indian race are| aware th^ every tribe, and still more

;; every main stock, or ethnic fiunily, has certid^spectal characteristics, both

physical and mentaL The Mohawk differs in look and character decidedly
|| from the Onondaga, the Delaware from the Shawanese, the Sioux from

the Mandan ; and between the great divisions to which these tribes belong,
the differences are much more strongly marked. The Iroquois have been
styled 'Vthe Romans of the West.'* The designation is more just than is
usual in sudi oomparisoDS. Indeed* the resemblance between these grealt
' conquering oommonities is strikinsly marked. The same politic fore-

.thought in council, the same respect for laws and treaties, the same love
of conquest> the same relentless determination in war, the same clemency
to the utterly vanquished, a like readiness to strengthen their power by
the admission of.strangers to the citizenship, an equal reliance on strong
fortifications, rioular customs of forming outlying colonies, and of ruling
subject natioDS by proconsular deputies, a dmilar admixture of aristocracy
and democracy in their consdtution, a like taste for agriculture, even a
notable ^milari^ in the strong and heavy mould of figure and the bold
_ and massive features, marked the two peoples who^ on widely distant

theatres of action, achieved not dissimilar destinies.

Pursuingthesame dassical comparison, we m^t liken the nearest neigh-
bors of the IroqmMS, the tribes of the Algonkin stock, whose natural traits
are exemplified in th^ renowned sachems, Powhatan, Philip of Pokano-

*IdfoofBialiierd,p^l«7, Am. Tract Soe. edition. Qaoted in the ^' I^lfe of Zeis-
berger,** by De Sohw^nltz. p. 71-
t I^e of Zetstkerger, by De S<^welnlta, p. 14S.

V

188S.r

[Hale.

ket, Miantanomah, Pontiac, and Tecumseh, to the ingenious and versatile
Greeks, capable of heroism, but incapable of political union, or of long-sus-
tained effort. A not less notable resemblance might be found between the
wild and wandering Scythians of old, and the wild and wandering tribes
of the great Dakotan stock. Reckless and rapacious, untamable and fickle,
fond of the chase and the fight, and no less eager for the dance and the
feast, the modem Dakotas present all the traits which the Greek historians
and travelers remarked in the barbarous nomads who roamed along the:^
northern and eaitem frontiers.

The Tuteloesl far from the main body of their race, and encircled by
tribes of Algonkin and Iroquois lineage, showed all the distinctive charaq-
teristi(6 of the stock to which^they belonged. The tall, robust huntsmen
of Lawson, chasers of the elk and the deer, had apparently degenerated,
half a century later, into a "remnant of thiev« and drunkards," at
least as seen in the hurried view of a passing missionary. But it
would seem that their red-skinned-neighbors saw Sn them some qualities *
which gained their respect and liking. Five years after Zeisberger's visit,
the Iroquois, who h|td held them hitherto under a species of tutelage, de-
cided to admit them, together with their fellow-refugees, the Algonkin
Nanticokes from the Eastern Shore of Maryland, to the full honors of the
confederacy. The step received the commendation of so strewd a judge as
Colonel (afterwards Sir William) Johnson. At a great coimcil of the Six
Nations, held at Onondaga in September, 1753, Colonel Johnson congratu-
lated the Cayugas on the resolution they had formed of "strengthening their
castle " by taking in the Tedarighroones.* At about the same time a band
of Delawares was received into the League. When a great council was to
be convened in 1756, to confer with Colonel Johnson on the subject of the
French war, wampum belts were sent to nine "nations" of the
confederacy.t From this time the chiefs of the Tuteloes, as woll as o
the Nanticokes and the Delawares, took their seats in the Council of the
League, a position which they still hold in the Canadian branch of the con-
federacy, though the tribes whom they represent l^ave ceased to exist as
such, and have become absorbed in the larger nations.

It would seem, however, thai their removal from their lands on the Sus-
quehanna to the proper territory of the Six Nations did not take place im-
mediately after their reception into the League, and perhaps was never
wholly completed. In an "account of the location of the Indian tribes,*'
prepared by Sir William Johnson in November, 1763. the four small tribes
of "Nanticokes. Conoys, Tutecoes [an evident misprint] and Saponeys,"
are bracketed together in the list as mustering in all two hundred men, and
are described as "a people removed from the southward, and settled on or
about the Susquehanna, on lands allotted by the Six Nations/ 'f

Though the Tuteloes were thus recognized as one of the nations of the

• N. T. HUt. Col. Vol. vl, p. 811.

t stone's Life of Sir W llliam Johnson, Vol. 1, p. 484.

t iWd., Vol. il, p. 487. -^

y

t
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liale.l ^ [March 2,

confederacy, and as such kept up their distinct tribal organization, they were
regarded as being in a special manner the friends and allies of the Cay-
ugas. The latter, a tribe always noted fur their kindly temper, received the
new comers within their territory, and gave them a site for their town,
which of course brought with it the hunting and fishing privileges neces-
sary' for their existence. The principal Cayuga villages were clustered
about the lake to which the nation has given its name. South of them la}-
the land assigned to the Tuteloes. Their chief settlement, according to a
careful observer, was on the east side of Cayuga inlet, about three miles
from the south end of Cayuga lake, and two miles south of Ithaca. **Tlie
town was on the high gnnmd south of the school-house, nearly opposite
Buttermilk Falls, on the farm of James Fleming. On the Guy Johnson's
map of 1771, it figures (by a slight misprint) as Todevigh-rono. It was
c-alled in the JournaLpf General Dearborn, Coreorgonel ; in the Journal of
George Grant (1779)7 t):»horiss-kanadia ; and on a map made about the
bamc date Kayeghtalagealat."* ^

The town was destroyed in 1779 by General Sullivan, in the expedition
which avenged, so disastrously for the Six Nations, the ravages committed
by them upon the settlements of their white neighbors. The result, as is
well known, was the destruction of the ancient confederacy. Of the broken
tribes, some fragments remained in their original S3ats, submitting to the
conquerors: All the Mohawks, the greater part of the Cayugas, about half of
the Onondagas, and many of the Oneidas, with a few of the Senecas and
Tuscaroras, followed Brant to Canada. The British government furnished
them with lands, mostly along the Grand River, in the territory which in
ancient times had been conquered by the Iroquois from the people who
were styled the Neutral Nation. The Tuteloes accompanied their friends
the Cayugas. A place Wiis found for them in a locality which seemed at
the time attractive and desirable, but which proved most unfortunate for
them. They built their town on a pleasant elevation, which stretches along
the western banfe of the Grand River, and still bears the name of Tutelo
Heights. Under tliis name it now forms a suburb of the city of Brantford.

Fifty years ago, when the present city was a mere hanger, occupied by
a few venturous Indian traders and pioneers, the Tutelo cabins were scat-
tered over these heights, having in the midst their "long-house ** in which
their tribal councils were held, and their festivals celebrated. They are
said to have ntimbered then about two hundred souls. The^' retained ap-
parently the reckless habits and love of enjoyment which had distin-
guished them in former times. Old people still remember the uproar of the
dances which enlivened their council-house. Unhappily, the position of

**Iam indebted tor this and mach other valuable information to my friend
General John S. Clark, of Auburn, N. Y., who has made the location and migra-
tions of the Indian tribes the subject of a special study. Of the above names
Pehoriss kanadia is apparently a corruption of the Mohawk words Tehoterigh
kanada^ Tutelo town. The other words are probably, like most Indian names
of places, descriptive deslgnatiqns, but are too much corrupted^ to be satisfac-
torily deciphered.

*

■J

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1S83.1

9

fHale.

their town brought them^into direct contact with the white settlcanents.
Their frames, enfeebled by dissipation, were an easy prey to the diseases
which followeil in the track of the new population. In 18^52, the Asiatic
cholera found many victims on the Indian Reserve. The Tuteloes. in pro-
I)ortion to their numbers, suffered the most. The greater part of the tribe
perished. Those who escaped clung to their habitations a few years longer.
But the second visitation of the dread&il plague in 1848 completed the
^'work of the first. The Tutelo nation ceased to exist. The few survuvors
fled from the Heights to which they have left their name, and took i^fuge
among their Cayuga friends. By intermarriage with these allies, the small
remnatrt was soon absorbed ; and in Ihe year 1870, only one Tutelo of the
full blood was known to be living, the last survivor oMhe tril)e of stalv^ari
• hunters and daring warriors whom Lawson encountered in'Carolina a hun-
dred and seventy y^rs before.

This last surviving Tutelo lived ;imong the Cayugas, and was known to
them by the name of Nikonha. Okonha in the Cayugi dialect signifies
mosquito. NikoaJia was sometimes, in answer to my inquiries, rendered
"mosquito," and sometimes "little/* perhaps in the sense of mosqlj^ito-
like. His Tutelo name was said to be Waskiteng ; its meaning could not
be ascertained, and it was perhaps merely a corruption of the English word
mosquito. At all events, it was by the rather odd cognomen of "Old
Mosquito," that he was commonly known among the whites ; and he was
even so designated, I believe, in the pension. list, in which he had a place
as having served in the war of 1812. What in common repute was deemed
to be the- most notable fact in regiird to him was his great age. He was
considered by far the oldest man on the Reserve. Ilis age was said to ex-
ceed a century ; and in confirmation of this opinion it was related that he
had fought under Brant in the American war of Independence. My friend.
Chief George Johnson, the government interpreter, accompanied us to' the '
residence of the old man, a log cabin, built on a small eminence near the
centre of the Reserve. His appearance, as we first saw hiiji, basking in the
sunshine on the slope before his cabin, confirmed the reports which I had
heard, both of his great age and of his marked intelligence. ** A wrinkled,
smiling countenance,, a high forehead, half-shut eyes, white hair, a
scanty, stubbly beard, fingers bent with age like a bird's claws," istht^
description recorded in my note book. Not only in physiognomy, but
also in demeanor and charactep^ie differed strikingly from the grave and
composed Iroquois amoni^Whmyiie dwelt. The lively, mirthful disposi-
tion of his race survived idfu}]kft>rce in its latest meml>er. fiis replies to
our inquiries were internnfigled with many jocose remarks, and much
good-humored laughtep^-^ ^

He was married to a Cayuga wife, and for many years liad spoken only
the language ^f her people. „ But he had not forgotten his proper speech,
and readil J^ gave us the Tutelo renderings of aearly a hundred words. At
that time my only knowledge of the Tuteloes had been derived from the
few notices comprised in Gallatin's Synopsis of the Indian Tribes, where

PBGC* AHKIt. PHILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. B. PRINTED MARCH 26, 1833.

•M

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10

[March 2,

they are classed with the nations of the Huron-Iroquois stock. At the
same time, the distinguished author, with the scientific caution which
marked all his writings, is careful to mention that no vocabulary of the
language was known. That which was now obtained showed, beyond
question, that th^ language was totally distinct from the Huron-Iroquois
tongues, and that it was closely allied to the languages of the Dacotau
family.

The discovery of a tribe of Dakota lineage near the Atlantic coast was
so unexpected and surprising that at first it was natural to suspect some
mistake. The idea occurred that the old Tutelo might have been a Sioux
captive, taken in the wars which were anciently waged between the Iro-
quois and the tribes of the far West. With the view of determining this
point, I took the first opportunity, on my next visit to the Reserve, in
October, 1^70, of questioning the old man about his early history, and
that of his people. His answers soon removed all doubt. He believed
himself to be a hundred and six years old ; and if so, his earliest recollec-
tions would go back to a time preceding by some years the Revolutionary
war. At that time his people, the Tuteloes, were living in the neighbor-
hood of two other tribes, the Saponies and the Patshenins or Botshenins.
In the latter we may perhaps recognize the Ocliineeches, whom Governor
Spotteswood. in 1703, enumerated with the Saponies, Toterocs, and two
other tribes, under the general name of Christanna Indians. The Sapo-
nies and Tuteloes, old Nikonha said, could understand one another's
speech. About the language of the Patshenins, I neglected to inquire, but
they were mentioned with the Saponies as a companion tribe. When
- the Tuteloes came to Canada" with Brant, they parted with the Saponies at
Niagara Falls, and he did not know what \ad become of them. His
father's name was Onusowa ; he was a chief among the Tuteloes. His
mother (who was also a Tutelo), died when he was young, and he was
brought up by an uncle. He had heard from old men that the Tuteloes
formerly lived on»a great river beyond Washington, which city he knew by
that name. In early times they were a large tribe, but had wasted away
through fighting. Their war parties used to go out frequently against
various enemies. The tribes they most commonly fought with were the
Tuscaroras, Senecas, and Cayugas. Afterwards his4;ribe came to Niagara
(as he expressed it), and joined the Six Nations. He knew of no Tutelo
of the full blood now living, except himself.

This, with some additions to my vocabulary, was the last information
which I received from old Waskiteng, or Nikonha. He died a few
months later (on the 2lst of February, 1871), before I had an opportunity
<5f again visiting the Reserve. There are, however, several half-caste3,
children of Tutelo mothers by Iroquois fathers, who know the language,
and by the native law (which traces descent through the female) are held
to be Tuteloes. One of them, who sat in the council as the representative
of the tribe, and**who, with a conservatism worthy of the days of old Sarum,
was allowed to retain his seat after his constituency had disappeared, was

1883.1

11

[Hale.

accustomed to amuse his grave fellow-senators occasionally by asserting
the right which each councillor possesses of addre^ng the council in the
language of his x)eople, — ^his speech, if necessity requires, being translated
by an interpreter. In the case of the Tutelo chief the jest, wliich was duly
appreciated, lay in the fact that tlie interpreters were dumfoundcd, and
that the eloquence uttered in an unknown tongue liad to go without reply.
From this chief, and from his aunt, an elderly dame, whose daughter
was the wife of a leading Onondaga chief, I received a sufficient number
of words and phrases of the language to give a good idea of its grammati-
cal framework. Fortunately, the list 'of words obtained from the old Tutelo
was extensive enough to affdrd a test of the correctness of the additioaal
information thus procured. The vocabulary and the outlines of gramnaar
which have been derived from these sources may, therefore, as far as tlrey
extend, be iaccepted as affording an authentic representation of this very
interesting speech.

There is still, it should be added, some uncertainty in re^rd to- the tribal
name. So far as can be learned, the word Tutelo or Totero (which in
the Iroquois dialects is variously pronounced Tiuterih or Tehotirigh, Te-
hutili, Tiutei and Tijtie) has no meaning either in the Tutelo or the Iro-
quois language. It may have been originally a mere local designation,
which has accompanied the tribe, as such names sometimes do, in its sub-
sequent migrations. Both of my semi-Tutelo informants assured me that
the proper national name — or the name by which the people were desig-
nated among themselves— was Yesang or Yesah, the last syllable having
a faint nasal sound, which was sometimes barely audible. In this word
we probably see the origin of the name, Nahyssan, applied by Lederer to
the tribes of this stock.' John Lederer was a German traveler who in
May, 1670 — a year before Captain Batt's expedition to the Alleghenies —
undertook, at the charge of the colonial government, an exploring jour-
ney in the same direction, though not with equal success. He made, how-
ever, some interesting discoveries. Starting from the Falls of the James
river, he came, after twenty days of travel, to "8apon, a village of the
Nahyssans," situate on a branch of the Roanoke river. These were, un-
doubtedly, the Saponas whom Captain Batt visited in the following year, the
kindred and allies of \he Tuteloes. Fifty miles beyond Sapon he arrived ^
at Akenatzy, an island in the same river. "The island," hesays, *' though
small, maintains many inhabitants, who are fixed in great security, being
naturally fortified with fastnesses of mountains and water on evexy
side."* In these Akenatzies we undoubtedly see the Aconechos of
Lawson, and the Ochineeches mentioned by Governor Spotteswood. Dr.
Brinton, in his well-known work on the " Myths of the New World,'* has
pointed out, also, their identity with the Occaneeches mentioned by Bever-
ley in his *• History of Virginia,'' and in doing so has drawn attention to

*Sefi*' The Discoveries of John Lederer,'' reprinted by O. U, Hai:pQl.
natJ, 1879, p. 17. ^

Cincln-

1{«3.]

12

[March 2,

the ver^ interesting facts recorded by Beverley respecting their Ian- ^
guage.*

According to this historian, the tribes of Virginia spoke langurigcs differ-
ing so wjdely that natives "at a moderate distance'* apart did not under-
stand one another. They had, however, a ** general language," which
people of different tribes used in their intercourse with one another, pre-
cisely as the Indians of the north, according to La Hontan. used the **A1-
gonkine," and as Latin was employed in most parts of Europe, and the
Lingua 'Franca in the Levant. These are Beverley's illustrations. He
then adds the remarkable statement: ''The general language here used is
that of the Occineeches, though they have been but a small nation ever
since these parts were known to the English ; but in what their language
may differ from that of the Algonkins I am ^not able to determine.*'!
Further on he gives us the siill more surprising information thai this "gen-
eral language'* was used by the "priests and conjurors" of the different
Virginian nations in performing their religious ceremonies, in the same
manner (he observes) "as the Catholics of all nations do their ^Liss in
the Latin. "{

The Akenatzies or Occaneeches would seem to have been, in some
respects, the chief or leading community among the tribes of Dakotan
stock who formerly inhabited Virginia. That these tribes had at one
time a large and widespread population jnay be inferred from the simple
fact that their language, like that of the widely scattered Algonkins (or
Ojibways) in the northwest, became the general medium of communica-
tion for the people of different nationalities in their neighborhood. That
they had some ceremonial observances (or, as Beverley terms them, "ado-
rations and conjurations") of a peculiar and impressive cast, like those of
tlie western Dakotas, seems evident from the circumstance that the intru-
sive tribes adopted this language, and probably witli it some of these ob-
servances, in performing their own religious rites. AVe thus have a strong
and unexpected confirmation of the tradition prevailing among the tribes
both of the Algonkin and of the Iroquois stocks, >vhich represents them
as coming originally from the far north, and gradually overspreading .the
country on both sides of the AUeghanies; from the Great Lakes to the moun-
tain fiistnessesof the Cherokees. They found, it would seem,' Virginia, and
possibly the whole country east of theAlleghenies, from the Great Lakes to
South Carolina, occupied by tribes speaking languages of the Dakotan
stock. That the displacement of these tribes was a very gradual process,
and that the relations between the natives and the encroaching tribes were
not always hostile, may be inferred not only from the adoption of the ab-
original speech as the general means of intercourse, but also from the
terms of amity on which these tribes of diverse origin, native and intru-
sive, Tvere found by the English to be living together.

♦ See the note on page 303 of Dr Brinton's volume, 2cl edition,
t History of Virgiuia (1st ediUon), p. 16L
f t Ibid,^ p. 171.

f

1883.]

13

[Hale.

That the Tutelo ton^e represents this "general language'' of -vrhich
Beverley speaks — this aboriginal Latin of Virginia — cannot be doubted.
It may, tlierefore be deemed a language of no small historical impor-
tance. The fact tha!; this language, which was first obscurely heard t)f in
Virginia two hundred years ago, has been brought to light in our day oq
a far-off Reservation in Canada, and thcrejearned from the lips of the
latest surviving member of this ancient community, must certainly be
considered one of ihe most singular occurrences in the history of science.
Apart from the mere historical interest of the language, its scientific
value \n American ethnology entitles it to a careful study. As has been
already said, a comparison of its gmmmar and vocabulary with those of
the western Dakota tongues has led to the inference that the Tutelo
language was the older form of this common speech. This conclusion
was briefly set forth In some remarks which I had the honor of addressing
to this Society at the meeting of December 19, 1879, and is recorded in
the published minutes of the meeting. Some years afterwards, and after
the earlier portion of this essay was written, I had the pleasure, at the
raeetingof the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held
in Mo^ntreal, in September, 1882, of learning from m^' friend,>the Rev. J.
Owen Dorsey, of the Smithsonian Institution, who has resided for several
years as a missionary among the western Dakotas, and has made careful
researches into their languages and history, that they have a distinct tra-
dition that their ancestors lormerh' dwelt east of the Mif;sissippi. In fact,
the more southern Dakotas declare their tribes to be ofYrihootsof the Win-
nebagoes, who till recently resided near the western shore of Lake Michi-
gan. A comparison of their dialects, made with Mr. Dorsey's aid, fully
sustains this assertion. Mere traditionary evidence, as is well known,
•" cannot always be relied on; but when it corresponds with conclusions
previously drawn from linguistic evidence, it has a weight which renders
it a valuable confirmation.

The portrait of old Nikonha, an accurate photograph, will serve to show,
better than any description could do, the characteristics of race which dis-
tinguished his people. The full oval outline of face, and the large features
of almost European cast, were evidently not individual or family traits,
as they reappear in the Tutelo half-breeds on the Reserve, who do not
claim a near relationship to Nikonha. Those who are familiar with the
Dakotan physiognomy will probably discover a resemblance of type be-
tween this last representative of the Virginian Tutelosand their congeners,
the Sioux and Mandans of the western plains.

THE TUTELQ LANGUAGE.

In the following outline of Tutelo grammar, it has been deemed advis-
able to bring its forms into comparison with those of the western lan-
guages of the same stock. For this purpose the Dakota and Hidatsa (or
Minnetaree) languages were necessarily selected, being the only tongues
. of this family of which ajoj complete account has yet been published.

■'1

M

'rM

Hale.]

14

[March 2,

For the mforination respecting these 'languages I am indebted to the Da-
kota Grammar and Dictionary of the Rev, S. R. Riggs (published in the
Smithsonian Contiibntions to Kjiowledge) and the Hidatsa Grammar and
Dictionary of Dr. Washington Matthews (published in Dr. Shea's Library
of American Linguistics)^ both of them excellent works, of the highest
scientific Talae.

' The AlpJiabeL

The alphabeUcal method which has been followed by me in writing this
language, as well as the Iroquois dialects, is based on the well-known system
proposed by the Hon. John Pickering, and generally followed by Ameri-
can missionaries, whose experience has attested its value. The modifica-
tions suggested for the Indian languages by Professor Whitney and Major
Powell have been adopted, with a few exceptions, which are due chiefly
to a desire to employ no characters that are not found in any well-fur-
nished printing-office.

The letters 5, d, A^ i^ I, m, ti, p, 9, «, tc, y, 2 are sounded as in English,
the 9 having always its sharp sound.'as in mason. The vowels are sounded
generally as in Italian or Gkrman, with some modifications expressed by
diacritical marks, thus :

Oy as \n father; in accented syllables written a.

a« like the German a in JKoi^Ti.

a, like a in mat.

a, like a iafaU,

e, like a mfaie ; in accented syllables i.

e, like t in m^

«; like I in fnaehine ; in accented syllables i.

i. like i in pin.

o» as in note ; in accented syllables b,

o, like the French o in Itonne.

0, like o in noU

tE, as in nle^ or like 00 in pool; in accented syllables u.

V, like u in puU^

ii, like tf in dcU / in an accented syllable written t^.

«, like the French u in dur.

The diphthongs are, ai, like our long % in pine ; au^ like ou in loud ; AC,
like aim boH; ivt, like u in pure.

The consonants requiring special notice are :

^ like sh in shine.

g, always hard, as in go, get, gite.

j, like t in atwre.

n, like the Frraich nasal n In an^ bon^ un.

q, like the German cA in Loch, or the Spanish j in joveru

1883.]

15

[Hale.

The sound of the English ch in cTiest is represented by i<;; the j and dg
in judge by dj.

The apostrophe (') indicates a slight hiatus in the pronounciation of a
word, which is often, though not always, caused by the dropping of a con-
sonantal sound.

In general, the diacritical marks over the vowels are omitted, except in the
accented syllable — that is, the syllable on which the stress of voice falls.
It is understood that when a vowel (other than the u) has a mark of any
kind over it, the syllable in which it occurs is the accented or emphatic
syllable of the word. Experience shows that the variations in the sound
of a vowel in unaccented syllables, within the limits represented by the
foregoing alphabet, are rarely of sufficient importance to require to be
noted in taking down a new language. The only exception is in the
sound marked u, which occasionally has to be indicated in unaccented
syllables, to distinguish it from the u, with which it has no similarity of
sound. It is, in fact, more frequently a variation of the a than of any
other vow-el sound.

Occasionally the accented syllable is indicated by an acute accent over
the vowel. Thismetliod is adopted principally when the vowel has a brief
or obscure sound, as uK^wdSi, I alone, which is pronounced in a manner
midway between muarnixiA misum.

M

Phonology.

The Tutelo has the ordinary vowel sounds, but the distinction between
e and i, and between o and u is not always clear. The word for '* mother"
was at one time written Tiend, and at another ina; the word for "he
steals" was heard as manbma and manuma. In general, however, the
difference of these vowels was sufficiently apparent. The obscure sound
of u (or in accented syllables u) was often heard, but when the word
in which it occurred was more distinctly uttered, this sound was frequently
developed into a clearer vowel. Thus huatbi, arm, became histo ; musfe,
spring (the season), became Tiuiste ; amiii, white, became asdni\ or (losing
the nasal sound) asdi, and so on. The use of the character u (or u) in this
language could probably be dispensed with.

The consonantal sounds which were heard were :p(oTb),t(ovd), k(oTg),
h (and q), I, m\ n, s, w and y, and the nasal n. Neither/, v, nor r was heard,
and ^ (^/i) only as a variant of 8. Harsh combinations of consonants were
rare. The harshest was that of Uky as in wagutska, child, and this was not
frequent* Words usually end in a vowel or a liquid. A double con-

• In wagviika (Dakota, koqka)^ suntka^ younger t)rother (Dak., sunka) ; tqongo
or tqunki, dog (Dak., eufUca) and many similar words, the t \a apparently an ad-
scititlous sonnd, inserted by a mere trick of pronunciation. The Hidatsa carries
this practice further, and constantly introduces the sound oft before the sharp
#. The Tutelo iH^ foot, becomes iUi in Hidatsa ; «anf , cold, becomes Uinia^ Ac.

'■km *»•

Hale.]

16

[March 2,

V

sonant at the commenccmpnt of a vrord is rare. It. perhaps onlr occurs
in the comblnitioa tr (f^/i) an I ia contractions, as fcsdri'cii, nine, for
kasahkai.

It is doubtful if the sonants 5, d and g occuf, except as variants of the
surd consonants p, t and k ; yet in certain words sonants were pretty con-
stantly used. Thus in the pronouns mlTijVotte, mine, yinjlioicc, ihine,
irijitotre, hif^ the g was almost always sounded.

The I and n were occasionally interchanged, as in 7a^t and vdni, three,
leirl and netTi^ tongue. In general, however, the two elements seemed to
be distinct. The aspirate was somewhat stronger than the English ,h,
and frequently assumed the force of the German c7i or the Spanish j (rep-
resented in our alphabet by q), Whether there were really two distinct
sounds or nc^t, could not be positively ascertained. The same word was
written at one time with h, and at another with q.

The nasal n is properly a modification of ihe preceding vowel, and would
have been more adequately rendered by a mark above or below the vowel
itself; but it has seemed desirable to avoids the multiplication of such dia-
critical marks. This nasal is not to be confounded with the sound of hg
in ring, which isa distinct consonantaV element, and in the Polynesian
dialects often commences a word. In the Tutelo this latter sound only
occurs before a k or- hard «7, and is then represented by n. It is, in fact,
in this position, merely the French nasal sound, i lifted by the palatal
consonant. The nasal n is also modified by the labials b and jp, before
whicli it assumes the sound of m, Tlitis the Tutelo word for day, naliamhi,
or (in the construct form) nalampy is properly a modification of nalidiibi
* or nahdnp. In all words in which it occurs, the nasal sound was at times
v^ry faintly heard, and was occasionally so little audible that it was not
norai, while at c ' er times an n was heard in its place. The word for knife
was written at different times masenldin^ mami; that for sky, Toaidni, matoi,
manidi, and m^n^toi; that for da3% naJidrahi, nahdmp, nahdrip, and nohdp ;
that for winte %ae, tcdnerU, and icanel; that for one, nos and noTis, and
so on. Whethc .his indistinctness of the naf^al sound belongs to the lan-
guage, or was a peculiarity of the individuals from whom the speech was
learned, could not be satisfactorily determined.

The tendency of the language, as has been said, is to terminate every
word with a vowel sound. When a monosyllable or dissyllable ends with
a consonant, it is usually in a construct form, and is followed by another
word grammatically related to it. Thus, hiaepi^ axe, hisep minjitowey my
axe-; monti, a bear, mont nosd, one bear ; tr^bUjo (or tqbnki), dog, iqoak
episd, good dog ; nahdmbC, day, nahdmp Idni, three days.

The following brief comparative list, extracted from the more extensive
vocabulary hereafter given, will show the forms which similar words take
in the allied dialects, Tutelo, Dakota (or Sioux proper) and Hidatsa (or
Minnetaree) :

18S3.]

17

[Hale.

Tntelo,

Dakota.

Hidatsa.

ati

ate

ati

. father

Ind^ hend, Jteniih

iaa

hinu, hu, ikus

mother

tdgut<r]cai

takoqku, it^ihkqi

idiqi

son

suntka

sunka

tsfjrka

younger brother

th, ih%

i

i

mouth

ne!qi, netsi, letqi

tqeji

neji

tongue

m

hi

t, ua, hi

tooth

loti

dote

dotiy loti

throat

ul

siha

itsi

foot

wasut

nmii

teuata

brain

udyl, wayii '

we

idi

blood

nfi

tipi

ati

house

maserii, masdl

isari, mirlna

maetsi

knife

ml

m

midi

sun (or moon)

nihdmjpiy^^ nihdnpi anpetu

mape

day

maril

mird

mini

water

amdni, amdi

makch

am^

land

^ tcunki, tqongo

t^unkj,

m^quka

dog

tcdneni, irdnei

want ^

mana

winter

tani

ptan

mata.

autumn

asdni, asdiy asei

san

aiukiy ohuki

white

asepi

'^'7.pa

qipi

black

m, wdsi

zi

tsiy tsidi

yellow

ie

ta

te

dead

sani

8711

tsinia

cold

nosdif nonr^

toantqa, want^i

nuets, luetsa

one

Twmbdl

nonpa

nopa

two

ndni, Idni

yamni

ddmiy lawi

^ Iiree

iopai

topa

topa'

four

kisdhai

zaptan

kihit

fiVv**^

akdspe

qakpe

akama, akawa

f

mgomink

qakowin

$apua

L. en

luta

yuta, wota

dtiti

to eat

howa

u, uwa

All

to come

kitci

wafrj

kidiqi

to dance

mahananka

yanka, nanka

naka

to sit, remain

ktiwa, kitesel

kte

kitahe

to kill

'iif'" ''

It must be borne in mind that the sounds of m, h, and w are inter-
changeable in the Hidatsa, and that d, I, n, and r are also interchangeable.
A similar confusion or interchange of these elements is to some extent ap-
parent in the Dakota and the Tutelo languages. Taking this fact into
consideration* the similarity or rather identity of such words as mi in Ta-
telo and m in Daketa, meaning "sun," and loti in Tutelo, dote in Dakota,
and dote or lote in Hidatsa, meaning '* brain, " becomes apparent.

PBOa AMEB. PHILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. C. FBI21TBD 3CABCH 31, 188&

Hale.]

18

[March 2,

;/t ' The nasal sounds, which are so common in the Dakota and the Tutelo,
■ ff( are wanting in the Hidatsa, while the s of the two former languages fre-
quently becomes ts in Hidatsa. T^ese dialectical peculiarities explain the
difference between the words for younger brother, suntka, Tu., suhkn, Da.,
> tewte, HL, between isi, foot, Tu., and ttsi. Hi., between masehl, knife,
\, Tu., and maetsi, Hi. It will be noticed that the words in Tutelo are fre-
Vl^quently longer and fuller in sound than the corresponding words in the
^:clother languages, as though they were nearer the original forms from
:^^ "which the words in the various Dakota tongues were derived.

\'A,

m

Grammatical Forms.

y 1 As is usually the case with allied tongues, the grammatical resemblances
hdtihe languages of this stock are much more striking and instructive than
^l^lbse which appear in the mere comparison of isolated words.

;> ; Substantives and Adjectives,

Th6 Tutelo, like the Dakota and the Hidatsa, has no inflection of the
substantive to indicate the plural number; but in both the Tutelo and the
Dakota, the plural of adjectives is frequently expressed by what may be
termed- a natural inflection, namely, by a reduplication. In the Dakota,
according to Mr. Riggs, the initial syllable is sometimes reduplicated, as
ik^pa, wise, pi. ksakmipa; tanka, great, pi. tanktdh'ca; sometimes it is the
last syllable, as wat^te, good, pi. waqtSqte; and occasionally it is a middle
syllable, as, tanWiafah, great, pi. iankin^in»/an.

Sometimes the adjective in Dakota takes the suffix pij which makes the
plural form of the verb, as wa<;te, good wUqista waq'epi, good men, i. e, ,
they are good men.

Similar forms exist in the Tutelo. The adjective, or some part of it, is
reduplicated in the plural, and at the same time a verbal suffix is fre-
quently if not always added, thus ; all api, good house, pi. ati apipisel,
good houses (those are good houses) ; ati itdni, large house, pi. ati iUin-
tdnsel; ati okay eke, bad house, pi. ati okayeye^tesel ; ati nsdn, white house,
pi. aU asansdhsel. Occasionally the reduplication takes a peculiar form,
as in cUi kuUka, small house, pi, ati kotskatskaisel. In one instance the
plural differs totally from the suagular ; aiisui, long house, pi. ati yumpan-
kaUkaisel.

The plural verbal termination is frequently used without the reduplica-
tion ; as, wahtake hi (orp»)> good man, waTUdke biwa ipr biee), he is a good
man ; pi. wahtake hthia (or ^tA7^5^), they are good men. So t^onje bise, good
dog (or, it is a good dog), pi. teonje bihlSse.

The plural form by reduplication 4oes not appear to exist in the Hi-
datsa.

The Rev. J. Owen Dorsey, who has made a special study of the western
Dakota langoages, finds in the Omaha (or Dhegiha) dialect a peculiar
meaning given to this reduplicate plural of adjectives. The following ex-

1883.1

19

[Hale.

amples will illustrate this signification. ^Mga, small, becomes in the re-
duplicate form jYn/mj/T, which refers to small objects of cliflFerent kinds or ,
sizes. 8ag%. firm, fast, hard, makes sdmgi or saglji, which is employed .
as in the following example : ueJhUiidt sagljihnan kanbdha, I wish tools
that are hard, and of different kinds, them only. Hei^e the suffix hrtdfi ex-
presses the meaning of "only;" the reduplication of the adjective gives
the sense expressed by the words **of different kinds.", Sdhe^ black,
makes mmbe^ black here and there, Gdheje, spotted, becomes gdhejdja
spotted in many places, Pi^j*, bad, makes plpioji, as in uqkan pipwji,
different bad deeds. Nujinja (apparently a compound or derivative form,
'from jmja, small), means **boy," i, e., small man; nujinjlnja, boys of
difftfrent sizes and ages.* Jt would seem from these examples that in this
language the reduplication expresses primarily the idea of variety, from
which that of plurality in many cases follows. This meaning is not indi-
cated by Mr. Riggs in his Dakota grammar, and it was not detected by
me in the Tutelo, but it is not impossible that it actually exists in both
languages. It is deserving of notice that while no inflection of the noun is
found in the Iroquois to express plurality, this meaning is indicated in the
adjective by the add|tion of «, or ?ions, affixed to the adjective when it is
combined with the noun. Thus from kanomay house, and mi/o, hand-
some, we have kononaiyOy handsome house, pi. kanormi/os, handsome
houses. So karennaksen, bad song, pi. karennaksenSy'b&d songs ; kanaka-
res, long pole, pi. kanakareshohs, long poles.

It is also remarkable that the peculiar mode of forming the plural, both
of substantives and of adjectives, by reduplication of the first syllable or
portion of the word, is found in several Indian languages spoken west of
the Rocky Mountains, and.belonging to families entirely distinct from one
another, and from the Dakota. Thus in the Selish language we have
liidaSy father, pi. Juludm; idaa, ear, pi. tuntdpM; akultamiqOy man, pi.
skulkultamiqo ; qdesty good, pi. qiisqdetft In the Sahaptin, pltiTiy girl, pi. pi-
pitin ; tdhSy good, pi. titdhs. In the Kizh language, woroit, man, pi. wororbt ;
t<;mniy femall, pi. ti;lt<^lnni.f This has been termed, and certainly seems, a
natural mode of forming the plural. It is therefore somewhat surprising
to find it restricted in America to a comparatively small group of linguistic
families. It is still more noteworthy that in the Polynesian dialects, which
in their general characteristics differ so widely from the Indian languages,
this same method of forming the plural is found, but confined, as in the
Dakota tongues, to the adjective ; thus we have laau tele, large tree, pi.
laau tetdCy large trees ; taata maitai, good man, pi. tiicUa viaitataiy good
men; maJiakiy sick, pi. mahamahakiy sick (persons).} This is a subject
in linguistic science which merits farther investigation,

« I am indebted to Mr. Dorsey's letters for this and much other Information ol
great in tert^t respecting the western langaagea ot tlie Dakota stock, forming
part of his extensive work, whlca we may hope will soon he published.

t Ethnography and Philology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition under Chas.
Wilkes, pp. 53i» et seq.

JJWd., p. sa.

m

::r In

Hale.]

20

[March 2,

Kumerals,

The near resemblance of the first seTcn nmnerals in tbe Tutelo, Dakota,
and Hldatsa is suffic^ntly shown in the vocabulary. The manner in which
the compound numbers are fonncd is also similar in the three languages.
In the Dakota ake, again, is prefixed to the simple numerals to form the
numbers above ten, as akt ftanjidcn^ eleven ; ake nohpa^ twelve. In the
Tutelo the same word (usually softened to age) is used, as agenosat, eleven ;
agenonibaiy twelve. In the fiidatsa aqpi (or ahpi)^ signifying a part or
division, is employed, as aqpi^utUa^ eleven; aqpi-dopa^ twelve.

In Dakota, ^tciti/^nnna, ten, and nonpa, two, form ttiktq^mna nonpa,
twenty. In Tutelo the form is the same; puti^ka nomba, tens-two. In
Hldatsa it is similar, but the position of the words is reversed, twenty
being dopa-pitOcc^ two tens.

The ordinal numbers, after the first, are formed in all three languages
by prefixing i or ^ to the cardinal numbers, as in Dakota, inonpa, second ;
iydmniy third ; UopOy fourtli. ' In Hidatsa» idopa^ .second ; idani, third ;
itopa, fourth. In Tutelo I rec^ved ^nombai, twice; eindni, thrice; einidpaz,
four times. This rendering was given by the interpreter, but the true
meaning was probably the same as in the Dakota and Hidatsa. The word for
" first " is peculiar in all three languages; in Dakota, tokaheyay in Hldatsa,
ttifika, in Tutelo, etdhnu

In the Tutelo the numerals appear to have different forms; or x>erhaps,
more accurately speaking, different terminations, according to the context
in which they are used. The following are examples of these forms, the
first or abridged form b^ng apparently used in ordinary counting, and
the others when the numerals are employed in conjunction with other
words. The various pronun<^Uions of my different informants — and some-
times of the same informant at different times — are also shown in these ex-
amples.

Separate.

1 nons, not

2 nomp

Comslruct.
nosdi, nanaai

nambai

'Xalmpi

3 lot, nan nani

4 top iapdi

5 kUh hUah kkahai

6 agcts or olrds,

dkd»p

7 9dLg6m tagamii

8 %.alan pala/d

9 sd or«m» k$ank kiihiun

10 puti;k, lutiie ptOMkai

11 dgendsai

Variations.

{noiin, ntuen, nonsaiyTumsat
nosdii, nosdht nonsah
r numbdi, nomba, numba,
J nanmbai, nonpa, nombdh,
I nambaq
Idni, Idnih, Jdniq
tobn, topah
kuahaSU

^^aixape, dkdspei, ageapeq

9agdmt, idgdmiq, sagomink
paidniq

ka$ankai,k9dkm
bui^kai, ptUskdni, puUkdn
agwotai, akinotai

1S83,]

21

[Hale.

Separate.

12 ageiiarnba

13 agelani

14 agetoha

15 agegtmi .

16 agegdape

17 agesagomi

18 ag>paldni ,

19 agekemnka'

20 putska nomba, ^

putrjca nomhai )

30 putska nam

40 putska tohai

100 wAr^ra ;25*a

1000 t^wi putskai

Construct Torms and Variations.

aginomhai^ akinombai

agildli, akildni

akitdpa

akikisdJiai

akikaapei

akisagomei

akipalaU

aldkasankai

putska nombai
putt^ka lani

okeni

0:

The numeral follows the noun. which it qualifies. If the noun termi-
nates in a vowel not accented, the vowel is usually dropped, while tha
numeral assumes its constuctor or lengthened form, and is sometimes
closed with a strong aspirate. Thus, from ??ii7/a/ij, woman, we have mihan
nosd or mihan nonsdl^ one woman; miJ4iin norribaq^ two women ; mtA<zflt laniq,
three women, &c. From t<^ongo or t^onki, dog, tconk nosdh, one dog ;
icohk nomhaq^ two dogs. From Tuonti, bear, mont nosdh, one bear ; morU
nomhali^ two bears. From nahamhi^ day, Tiahdmp nosaK one day, nahamp
nombai, two days ; nahamp Idiiq, three days, &c. It will be seen that the
dropping of the final vowel of the noun has the effect of giving a sharper
sound to the preceding consonant. When the final vowel is accented, no
change takes place in the noun ; thus afl, house; a(i rumsai, one house; afi
nonbaiy two houses; ad laniq, three houses, &c.

No such difference between the simple and the construct forms of the
numerals appear^to exist either in the Dakota or in the Hidatsa. This is
one evidence, among others', of the greater wealth of inflections which
characterizes the Tutelo language.

Pronouns,

There are in the Tutelo, as in the Dakota, two classes of pronouns, the
separate pronouns, and the affixed or incorporated pronouns. The former,
however, are rarely used, except for the purpose of emphasis. In the
Dakota the separate pronouns are miye or w?'^. I, niye, or nz'^, thou or ye,
iye, or t^, he or they, and un^iye or un^y we. In the Tutelo, mini sig-
nifies I or we, yim, thou or ye,^tw, he or they, which wa^ sometimes
lengthened to imahise, A still more emphatic form is made with the ter-?
mination sdi or sdni, giving the sense of "alone," or rather i)erhaps

Hale.]

22

[March 2,

"self," for wliicli meaniag the Dakota employs the separate pronouns
already given, while the Hidalsa has a special form ; thus ;

Tutelo.
misai or mUdni
yisai, or yesdni
cmi, udl or isdhi
maesdl or mae^sdni

Hitlatsa.
miqki
niqki
iqki
midoki

I myself (or I alone)

thou

he

we

The Tutelo appa-

Hidatsa.

ma

I

da (no)

thou

we

mi

me

di ini)

thee

i

him

us

Dakota.
mtye (wiiV)
Ttiye (n«^)
iye (ir)

unkiye {unkit;)
Tlie Dakota unkiye is said to be properly a dual form,
rently, like the Hidatsa, has no dual.

The affixed or incorporated pronouns have in the Tutelo, as in the
Dakota and Hidatsa, two forms, nominative and objective. These forms
in the three languages are very similar :

Tutelo. Dakota.

Nominative,
ma, tea v:a, we

ya, ye ya, ye

mae, inaiy wae, wax, man, mank, nn

Objective, ?
mi, tci ma^ mi

yiy hi rd -

«f, ei, i

mae, mat, tcae, icai ^ vn

The objective forms are also used in all these languages as possessive
pronouns, and they are affixed as nominatives to neuler or adjective verbs,
in the first and second persons. The third i)ersonal pronoun is not ex-
pressed in the verb, at least in the singular number. In the plural the
Tutelo indicates this pronoun by an inflection, both in the nominative and
the objective. Thus Tiahewa, he says> liahehla, they say ; minewa, I see
him, mihefda, I see them.

The Hidatsa makes no distinction between the singular and the plural
of the possessive pronouns. Mi signifies both my and our, di, they and
your, and i, his and their. The Dakota distinguishes the plural by adding
the particle pi to the noun. The Tutelo adds pui to the noun in the
second person, and sometimes lei or kcd to the third. With nouns signify-
ing relationship, the Dakota indicates the possessive pronoun of the third
person by adding ku to the noun. The Tutelo sometimes adds ka or kai not
only in this person, but in the first and tlurd persons, as shown in the fol-
lowing example : * ,

Tutelo.
suntka
ijoisuntk
yi»u/Uk

ematka or esuntkai
maisuntkai
yisuntkapui
einuntkai .

.Dakota.

miminka

yisunka

sunkaku

unkMunkapi

nisunkapi

sunkapi

younger bro'

my

thy

his

our

your

their

•her

1883.]

23

[Hale.

head

my head

thy

it

his

ti

our

heads

your

((

their

ti

In the Tatelo an e is -sometimes prefixed to the possessive pronouns, as
in ati, house, which makes ' ,

etrdti my house em a at i our house

epdU thy " eifhtipui ' your **

idti his **j (ati'Ui their **

In this case the final vowel of the pronouns Wand yi is elided hefore the
initial a of the noun. So mminetoa, I see him, the vowel of the prefixed pro-
noun ma, I, is elided before the vowel of the verb inewa, to see.* Some
other euphonic changes of the possessive pronoun in the Tutelo are shown
in the following example : .

Dakota. Tutelo.

^ pa pami,

mapa mimpasui,

nipa - yinpamU

pa epuHuU

vnpapi emankpasuii

nipapi - eyinkpasupui

pnpi epasul'lei

In Tutelo, idt\ my father, is an anomalous form, used instead of mdt*,
or emdt\ With the other affixes the word becomes yd^' (or itdtl), thy father,
€dt\ his father (or their father), emadt\ our father, eydtpui, your father. .
A good example of the use of the prefixed personal pronouns in the Tu-
telo is shown in the word for son. There were slight difierences in the
forms received from two of my informants, as here given :

witeka uitekai my son

'yiteka < yitekai thy son

eteka etekai his son

mankteka ^ emankiekai our. son

yiiSkabUi yiiekahui ^ your son

eteka etekahUi their son

Minel^y my uncle (in Dakota midekql) is thus varied : TineJc\ ihy uncle
(Dak. nidekt^i), einek\ his uncle (Dak. (Z€<;tYA:u), emainek, our uncle, einek-
pui, your uncle, eineh' or etnek'-Ui, their uncle. *

In the word for brother, mjiaambdi (or inkinumbdC), the possessive pro-
nouns are inserted after the first syllable, and in this instance tliey are
used in the nominative form :

inwaginumbdl my brother maiinginumhaiK our brother

injagnumbdi thy brother inyaginumbabuu your brother

ingigiauTribdC his brother ingiginumbdly their brother

The Dakota and Hidatsa have lengthened forms of the personal pro-
nouns to indicate property in things, or "transferable possession.*' These
are in the former, mita, my, nita, thy, and to, his, as mitc^onspe, my axe,
nita-i^unke, thy dog- These pronouns are also used with koda, friend, and
kitquna, comrade. In Hidatsa mata, dita (forTitto), and Udy are used in a
similar manner. In the Tutelo the pronouns of this form occurred in a

' K'\

ii^sf )- — ^'

Hale.]

24

[March 2,

few examples, but only -with certain words x>f personal connection or rela-
tions, in which their use seems to resemble that of the Dakota pronouns
-with the words meaning "comrade" and "friend." Thus we heard
uitdmanki, my husband, yitdmanki, thy husband, etdinanki, her hus-
band. So uciidmilun, my wife (i. e. my woman), yitdmihen, thy
wife; and uitafjutc^ldi, my son, i. e. "my boy," from wagvfr-
Idi, boy (evidently the same word as the Dakota ko(;ka, young
man). In the latter example ttitaguf^kdl, apparently expresses a lower
bond or sense of relationship than iriY^A-a/,— not **my child," but "my
boy," or "my youth," who may leave me and go elsewhere at any time.
In Tutelo the pronouns indicating property or "transferable pos-
session" were commonly found in a sepanite and apparently compound
form, following the noun, which was then sometimes (though not always)
heard in the shortened or " construct " form. Thus with hii^epi, axe, we
have :

Iiiifep' migzfowi (or milltoici) my axe
huep' yingitowi thy axe
Jiisep* gitowi his axe

liisep^ mnhgVowi
Tiisep' irigVombui
liisep' gitohnel

our axe
your axe
their axe

So sd$, bed, has sds mingltowi, my bed, sds yiagltawi, thy bed, sas gt-
iowiy his bed.
With tqongo^ dog, we find a different form :

^ongo wahkimpi my dog
tqoTigo yahkimpi thy dog
tqongo eo7tkimpi his dog

iqongo maokimpi (or mahkimpi) our dog
tqongo yahkimfut your dog

iqongo kimpena their dog

The first of these forms, migltowi, &c., is evidently the sameMhat ap-
pears in the Dakota mitawa, mine, icitawa, thine, tawa, his, unkitaim, ours.
The Hidatsa has similar forms, matamae, ditamae, and ttamae, often pro-
nounced matawae, nitawaey and itawae. Dr. Matthews regards them as
compounds formed by prefixing the pronouns rnata, dita (niia) and ita to
the noun mae (or wa-e) signifying personal property, which seems a very
probable explanation.

The form wahkimpi may be similarly explained. In Dakota klpd signi-
lies, to keep for me, and kipi^ to hold or contain. The sense of property or
possession is apparently implied, and tt^ongo wahkimpi in Tutelo probably
means "the dog my property," or "the dog I have."

The possessive pronouns are used by themselves in Tutelo in the follow-
ing affirmative and negative forms :

mimigVbwi (or mimigttowe, or mikitowi)
yingttowi (yingttowey yinkltoici)
tngltotci {ingltowe, inkttonn)
maqgitowi (or mahgttowe, or mahkUowi)
yingitombui (or ym'citombui)
giUmnesel (or kitoni^sel)

mine, or, it is naJne
thine, or, it is thine
his, or, it is bis
ours, or, it is ours
yours, or, it is yours
theirs, or it is theirs

1883.1

25

IHale.

Jcimigitonan (kimikttonan)

kinf/iglfonan

kigitonan

kinaqgiionan

kinyigttomhdnan

kigttoqnenan

Negative Form,

it is not mine
it is not thine
it is not his
it is not ours
it is not yours
it is not theirs

The proper form of the first personal affirmative is doubtless migitovA
(or mikttowe). In mimigltowi the first syllable is evidently from the sepa-
rate pronoun mlrriy I, used for emphasis. In the Dakota the fonns miye
mitawa, me, mine, niye nitawa, thee, thine, *S:c., are used for the same pur-,
pose!

The negative form is not found in either the Dakota or the Hidatsa, and
may be regarded as another instance of the greater wealth of inflections
possessed by the Tutelo.

The following are the interrogative demonstrative and indefinite pro-
nouns in the Tutelo, so far as they were ascertained. The Dakota and
Hidatsa are added for comparison :

Tutelo.
etoitdy or hetba
dken, kaka
etuk
t ikenim
tewakVunwd

7) eke, or Tie ikin ; Tieik i de
yakdn ; lievoa ; end
oliofi, or oho

Dakota.

Hidatsa,

tuwe

tape

. who?

taku

tapa

what ?

tukte

to ; tua

which ?

torui; tonaka

tuami

how many ?

tuwetawa

tapeitam/ie

whose ''^b-in ?

de

Mdi ; kini

this X

he; ka

hido ; hino

that

Ota

ahu

many

liok'^ hukf okahok

owasin ; iyuqpa etsa; qakaheta all

The general resemblance of most of these forms is apparent. In the Tu-
telo for "whose?" which might have been written teiragVuTiica, we see
the afiix of the possessive pronoun (gl(owe) inflectedto make an interroga-
tive form. The Dakota and Hidatsa use the affix (tawa and tamae) with-
out the inflection.

TJie Verb,

There are two very striking peculiarities in which the Dakota and Hidatsa
dialects difier from most, if not all, Indian languages of other stocks.
These are: firstly, the manner in which the personal pronoun is incorpo-
rated with the verb; and, secondly, the extreme paucity or almost total
absence of inflections of mood and tense. In the first of these peculiarities
the Tutelo resembles its western congeners ; in the second it differs from
them in a marked degree — more widely even than the Latin- verb differs
from the English. These two characteristics require to be separately noted.

In most Indian languages the personal pronouns, both of the subject
and of the object, are in some measure either united with the verb otin-

PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXI. 114. D. PRINTED MARCH 31, 1883.

/

Hale.]

26

[March 2,.

ISS^

dicated by an inflection. The peculiarity which distinguishes the hmguages
of the Dakotan stock is found in the variable position of these incorporated
pronouns. They may be placed at the beginning, at the end, or between
any two syllables of the verb. The position of the pronoun is not, how-
ever, arbitrary and dependent on the pleasure of the speaker. It appears
to be fixed for each verb, according to certain rules. These rules, how-
ever, seem not yet to have been fully determined, and thus it happens that
a Dakota dictionary must give the place of the pronoun in every verb,
precisely as a Latin dictionary must give the perfect tense of every verb
of the third conjugation. Thus, for example, in the Dakota proper, hrrWi,
to bind (or rather "he binds"), makes waAr/iqto, I bind, y^kal-r^i, thou
bindest; manon, he steals, makes wawa/iOTi, I steal, tti/z} a.'io?i, thou stealest ;
and etqih, he thinks, makes efr^dnjau I think, €t(;mini, thou thinkest, the suf-
fixed pronouns receiving a peculiar form. In the Hidatsa, kiderj, he loves,
makes nvjikiderj, I love, dakider^i, thou lovest ; eke^ he knows, becomes
emake, I' know, and ed&ke, thou knowest ; and kitsaUke, he makes good,
becomes kit$ahikcvci% I make good, and kitsaJdkeds,, thou makest good. Tlie
Tutelo has the pronouns sometimes prefixed, and sometimes inserted ; no
instances have been found in whteh they are suffixed, but it is by no
means improbable that such cases may occur, as verbs of this class are not
common in either of the former languages, and our examples of conjugated
verbs in Tutelo are not very numerous. Among them are the following :

1. Verbs with prefixed pronouns:

lakpescy he drinks
ysilakpese, thou drinkest
vr2Llakpese-I drink
Jiiantkapeica^ he sleeps
j^hmntkapewa, thou sleepest
' Vi^hiantkapeucay I sleep

ievou, he is dead
yitewa, thou art dead
v^iteijca, I am dead

2. The verbs in which the pronouns are inserted seem to be the most
numerous class. The following are examples:

Itahewa, he says
hay lite voa^ thou say est
^JiavfdJieway I say

maltanafika, he sits down

maJuiyindnka, thou sittest down

maTiamindnkay I sit down

inkseha, he laughs

inyvikaeha, thou laughest

inwsJcseha, I laugh

ohdta, he sees

oydJiaia, thou seest /

(?wa7<d'a, I see

Th

I

is u
(lo\
we
ma
hat

r

she

ma:
ma:
fort
serf
per
mir

by

ma-
ofi
so i

T

bee

mc

cor

Tb(

the

tha

or,

mos

gui:

voc

ern

cat€

pro

anc"

amc

anc

T
the
anc
dis

1SS3.)

27

[Hcale.

The pronouns may be thus inserted in a noun, used with a verbal sense.
Thns^wahtdxa oficahiakai, man or Indian, maybe conjugated:

waJdah'aiy be is an Indian
ucayihtFikai, tbou art an Indian
icamihtdkai, I am an Indian

It is remarkable, however, that the pronoun of the first person plural
is usually (though not always) prefixed. Thus from mahartmU-a, he sits
down, we have (as above) ma/taminonl-ay I sit down, and mSi^Vimahartd/ika,
we sit down. So, mainkseha (or sometimes ^yiiinkseha), we laugh, and
maoliata, we see. On the other hand, we find Jiamankhcwa, we say, from
ha/iewa, he says, making (as above) hassraJiezca. I say.

The word manon, he steals, has in Dakota tlie pronouns inserted, as is
shown in the examples previously given. The similar word in Tutelo,
manoma or manuma, has them prefixed, as Yxmanbma, thoju stealest, ma-
mnnbmay I steal. But on one occasion this word was given in a different
form, as manunddm, he steals; and in this example the pronouns were in-
serted, the form of the fii^st personal pronoun, and of (he verb itself in that
person, being at the same time varied, as maymunddnl, thou stealest, ma-
minundame, I steal. In Dakota the place of the pronoun is similarly varied
by a change in the form of the verb. Thus bak^d, to cut oflf with. a knife,
makes ba-waksa, I cut off (with the pronoun inserted), while kaksd, to cut
oS with an axe, makes v^'dihdkm, I cut off (^with the pronoun prefixed), and
so in other like instances.

The other peculiarity of the Dakota and Hidatsa languages, which has
been referred to, viz., the paucity, or rather absence, of all changes of
mood and tense which can pro])erly be called inflections, is in striking
contrast with the abundance of these changes which mark the Tutelo verb.
The difference is important, especially as indicating that the Tutelo is
the older form of speech. It is an established law in the science of linguistics
that, in any family of languages, those which are of the oldest formation, '
or, in other words, which approach nearest to the mother speech, are the
most highly inflected. The derivative or more recent tongues are distin-
guished by the comparative fewness of the grammatical changes in the
vocables. The difference in this respect between the Tutelo and the west-
ern branches of this stock is so great that they seem to belong to different
categories or genera in the classification of languages. The Tutelo may
properly be styled an inflected language, while the Dakota, the Hidatsa,
and apparently ^11 the other western dialects of the stock, must be classed
among agglutinated languages, the variations of person, number, mood
and tense being denoted by aflSxed or inserted particles.

Thus in the Hidatsa there is no difference, in the present tense, between
the singular ind the plural of a verb. JTw/^^t* signifies both *' he loves"
and "they love ;** maktde^i, **1 love," and "we love." In the future a
distinction is made IxL the first and second persons. Dakidecidi signifies

tit':.

. '■^*

Hale.]

28

[March 2.

ISS

"thou wilt love," of vhicb dahidecidiJia is the plural, "ye will love." In
this language there is no mark of any kind, even by affixed particles, to
distinguish the present tense from the past, nor even, in the third person,
to distinguish the future from the other tenses, ^wf^rj signifies he loves, lie
loved, and he will love. The Dakota is a little better furnished in this
way. The plural is distinguished from the singular by the addition of the
ixirticle pi, and in the first person by prefixing the pronoun vn, they, in
lieu of ita or ire, I. Thus l^a^la, he binds, becomes ^v7<j^Y/pi, tliey bind.
Wnknt^la, I bind, becomes unA^z^Avipi, we bind. No distinction is made
between the present and the past tense. Ka<^ld is both he binds and lie
bound. The particle kta, which is, not printed and apparently not pro-
nounced as an aflSx, indicates the future. It sometimes produces a slight
euphonic change in the final vowel of the verb. Thus kaq.ke Ma, he will
bind, AvT^A-dpi Ma. they will bind. All other distinctions of number and
tease are indicated in these two languages by adverbs, or by the general
context of the sentence.

In lieu of these scant and imperfect modes of expression, the Tiitelo
gives us a surprising wealth of verbal forms, Tlie distinction of singular
and plural is clearly shown in all the persons, thus:

opeic^iy he goes
oyapewa, thou goest
ortapeicOy I go

opeliehla, they go
oyapepuaj ye go
maopeica, we go

Of tenses there are many forms. The termination in ewa appears to be
of an aorist, or rather of an indefinite sense. Opewa (from opa, to go) may
signify both he goes and he went. A distinctive present is indicated hy
the termination dma ; a distinctive past by oka; and a future by ta or efa.
Thus from lie, to kill, we have uaktewa, I kill him, or killed him, irak-
Udirm\ I am killing him, and wakteta, I will kill him. So olafa, he sees
it, h^com^^ohntioka^ he saw it formerly, and ohateta, he will see it. 0[.hra,
he goes (or went), h^comes opeta, he will go, inflected as follows :

opeta, he will go
oyapetOy thou wilt go
oicapeta, I will go

opekelila, they will go
or/apetepa, ye will go.
maopeta, we will go

' TTie inflections for person and number in the distinctively present tense,
ending in oni% are shown in the following example :

xcagindma^ he is sick
tMt^iHjinomc^ thou art sick
wamegindma, I am sick

Ohdta^ be sees it, is thus varied

ohata^ he sees it
oyahata, tliou seest it
« owahata^ I see it

waginSnhna, they are sick
waymjinompo, ye are sick
manjwfiginoma, we are sick

oTuitehla, they see it
oyaTuUbua, ye see it
maohata, we see it

ter

wa
anc

t
k

y
k

I

the
obi
ope'.
is a
S
ond
int.
My

F

whi
fied
give
It
dlan

1S831

29

[Hale.

ohatibka, he saw it
oyalmtibka^ Ihou sawest it
owaJiatioka, I saw it

ohaieta^ he will see it
oyaliateta, tliou wilt sec it
otcaJiateta, I shall see it

ohaiiokeJila, they saw it
oyahaiiokeicay ye saw it
maohatioka, we saw it
ohaUWila, they will see it
oyahatdhuay ye will see it
maoJidteta, we shall see it

The following examples will show the variations of person in the aorist
tense :

7ia7iewa, he says
hayihewa, thou sayest
hawalif.vca, I say

kVmindeimy he is hungry
yikVirdndewa, thou art hungry
mikVinindeway I hungry

haJiehla, they say
hayihepua, ye say
hamankhewa, we say
lihnindese, they are hungry
kihnindepua, ye are liungry
maJtkihnindewa^ we are hungry.

Wakonspewa, I remember it, an aorist form, becomes in the =. preterite
wakonspeoka, and, in the future, wakonspeta. It is thus varied in the aorist
and past tenses :

wakonspeway I remember it
yakonspeica, thou remembere&t it
kikonspetca, he remembers it

maktkonspeiray we remember it
yakonspepua, ye remember it
kikonspehela, they remember it

toakon'ipedka, I remembered it Tnakikonspebka, we remembered it

yakoUHpedka^lion rememberedst it yakonspepuyoka, ye remembered it
kikonsp6okaJ\G. remembered it kikonspeleoka, they remem|>ered it

In several instances verbs were heard only in the inflected forms. For
the simple or root-form, which doubtless exists in the language, we are
obliged to have recourse to the better known Dakota language. Thus
opeway he went, and opetay he will go, indicate a root opa, he goes, which
is actually found ui the Dakota.

So fnanbma (which is probably a distinctively present tense), and man-
ondaniy both meaning he steals, indicate a briefer root-form which we find
in the Dakota 77*a;i{?n, having the same meaning. Manbma, which is proba-
bly a contraction oiF manondmay is thus varied :

manomay he steals
yimanomay thou stealest
rnamandma, I steal

manonnese, they steal
yimanompua, ye steal
mankmanbmaf we steal

From these examples it is evident that there are variations of inflection,
which, if the language were better understood, flight probably be classi-
fied in distinct conjugations. Other instances of these variations will be
given hereafter.

It is well known that in the Iroquois, Algonquin, Cherokee, and other In-
dian languages, of different stocks, there are many forms of the verb, nega-

'i .il

^5' .. '!

Hale.]

30

[March 2,

tive, interrogative, desiderative, and the like, which are among the most
notable characteristics of these languages, and add much to their power of
expression. The Tutelo has several of these forms, but none of them arc
found in the Dakota or Hidatsa, both of which express the meaning of
these forms by adverbial phrases or other circumlocutions. The negative
form in Tutelo is made (in a manner which reminds us of the French ne-
pas) by prefixing k or ki to the affirmative and suffixing na. The tense ter-
minations oma, owa, and ewa, become ona and eaa in this form :

inkseha, he laughs
inwakseMy I laugh
tcamegindma, I am sick
uakiewa, I killed him
oicaklaka, I speak
'vc^akteoma, I am killing him
yahdwa, he is coming

kinkse^inn, he does not laugh
kihicahaehna, I do not laugh
kiwameginona, I am not sick
kiwakteaa, Jrdid not kill him
kowakldkn^y I do not speak
kiwakteoPiay lam not killing him
kiahona, he is not coming

jBTml-^eATwr, he is not laughing, is thus varied in the present tense ;

kmhiShna, he is not laughing'
kihyaksefinaf thou art not laughing
kintcaksehna, I am not laughing

kinksehanena, they are not laughing
kinyah^ehpuna, ye are not laughing
kimaenksehna, we are not laughing

The interrogative form terminates in o, as ;

yakte^jca^ thou ki)ledst him
yakteoma, thou art killing him
yateta, thou wilt kill him
yatlwa, thou dwell^st
ale tea, he is going

yakteicOy didst thou kill him ?
yakteonmo, art thou kiling him ?
yakieto, wilt thou kill him?
toka yatiwo, where dost thou dwell ?
toka alcKOf where is he going?

It is evident that this form is an inflection, pure and simple. It isa vo^^el
change, and not in any manner aji agglutinated partide. It takes the place
of that elevation of tone with which we conclude an interrogative sentence,
and which, strange to say, is not heard am5ng the Dakotas. Mr. Riggs re-
marks that "unlike the English, the voice falls at the close of all inter-
rogative sentences. "

The desiderative form appears to be expreeeed by the affixed particle hi
or he, but the examples which were obtained happened to be all in the
negative, thus :

ofjoapewa, 1 go *
opetese, he is going, oj^will go
TiawUewa, I come
toaktetoa, I kill him

kowapebtna, I do not wish to go '
kopebemse, he does not wish to go
kiwUebina, I do not wish to come
kiwaktibina^ I do not wish to kill him

The imperative mood is distinguished apparently by a sharp accent on
the final syllable of the verb, which loses the sign of tense. Thus from the
njo, to give (in Dakota and Hidatsa, ku), which appears in maingowa, I

f

I
t

T
P

c

fc

t'

tL

I

tl

t:

sc

a

tl

ot

Ic

18S3.]

31

[Hale.

give to jou, we hare, in the imperative, masd mingo, give me at knife.
kliese or kitesel, he kills him, gives kite tqonl'i, or tqonk' kite, kill the dog.

In the western languages of the Dakota stock, certain particles prefixed
to the verb play an important part in modifying the meaning. Thus in
Dakota and Hidatsa the prefix jp^ signifies that the action is done with* the
hand. From ksa. Dak., meaning separate, Ve have paksd, to break with the
hand ; from qu, Hid., to spill, paqu, to pour out with the hand. The Da-
kota nay Hidatsa ada (for ana) are prefixes showing that the actionals done
with the foot. The Dakota ya, Hidatsa da (often pronounced ra or la)
show that the act is done with the mouth. Ka (Dak.) and dak (Hid.) in-
dicate an act done by a sudden, forcible impulse, &c. Attempts were made
to ascertain whether similar prefixes were employed in the Tutelo speech.
It was found that in many cases the latter had distinct words to express
acts which in the western languages were indicated by these compound
forms. Still," a suflScient number of examples were obtained to show that
the use of modifying prefixes was not unknown to the language. Thus
the root k^iaa, which evidently corresponds with the Dakota ksa, signifying
separation, occurs in the following forms :

nanikusisel he breaks it off with the foot
latkusisely .he bites it off
iikusisely he breaks it off* by pushing
lakatkusisel, he cuts it off with an axe

The Dakota na^ signifying action with the foot, is evidently found, with
some modification, in the Tutelo nantkusisel above quoted, and also in nan-
kokisek, to stamp with the foot, and in konaqlotisel, to scratch with the
foot. So the cutting, pushing, or impulsive prefix, lak or laka, which ap-
pears in lakatkusisel, is found also in lakatkusisel, he cuts open, lakaspeia,
to cut off" in pieces, lakasdse, to chop, lakapleh, to sweep the floor. La,
which in hitkusisel indicates action with the mouth, is found also in lak-
pese, to dnnk^y«)ad perhaps in yilandha, to count or read, which has the
correspondiyrg pipfix ya in the Dakota word ydfca, of like meaning

The aflfixed or incorporated pronouns are used with transitive verbs to
form what are called by the Spanish writers on Indian grammar transitions^
that is, to express tie passage of the action from the agent or subject to
the object. This usage is governed by very simple rules. In the Dakota and
Hidatsa the rule prevails, that when two affixed pronouns come together,
the one being in the nominative case and the other in the objective, the
objective always precedes the nominative, as in mayakor^'ca (Dak.) me-
thou-bindest, dimakideci (Hid.) thee-I-love. In the Dakota the third per-
sonal pronoun is in general not expressed ; kar^\d signifies both he binds,
and he binds him, her, or it ; wakaqka is I bind, and I bind him, &c. In
tie Hidatsa, this pronoun is not expressed in the nominative, but in the
objective it is indicated by the pronoun i prefixed to the verb, as kidet^i, he
loves ; ikideqi, he loves him, her or it.

The Tutelo, as far as could be ascertained, follows the usage of the Dakota

ti

■I

r

Hale.]

32

[March :

in regard to the third personal pronoun (which is not expressed) hut differs
from hoth the other languages, at least in some instances, in the order of
the pronouns. The nom'mative affix occasionally precedes the objective,
as in MAYi/iewa, I-thee-see. Yet in kohinan^c^vzhheway me-iJhou-struckest

The rule on

g to the diffi-

uble translation

ter into Tutelo),

of many of the

(where the pronouns are inserted), this order is reverse
which these variations depend was not ascertained,
culties of an inquiry carried on through the medium of a <
(from English into Cayuga or Onondaga, and from the 1^
it was not easy to gain> clear idea of the precise meanin*
examples which were obtained. An Indian when asked to translate '*I
love thee," or "thou lovest me,'/ unless he is an educated man, or per-
fectly familiarjsith.4he4anguage in which he is addressed, is apt to become
"perplexed^ and to reverse the meaning of the pronouns. The following
examples, however^ will suffice to show that the system of transitions exists
in the Tutelo, though they do not enable us to analyze and reconstruct it
completely. Many other examples W^ obtained, but are omitted from
a doubt of their correctness, ^

tMLktedma, I am killing him

fjcaikteoTTia (for wayiktebma) I am killing thee

mikteoma he is killing me

yaktedma, thou art killing him

kiteonsel, he is killing them

ineica, he sees him (or he saw him) .
minewa, I see him (qu. m'iniwa, for ma4uewa)
mayinewa, I see thee v
miineica, he sees me
yiinewa, he sees thee
miineJda, they see me

\

yandosteka, he loves him

yandomisieka, he loves me

yandoyistekOy he loves thee

yandatocLsieka, I love him

yandoyastekay thou Jovest him

yandoyisieka, he loves thee

manktandosteka (qu. maikiandoyisteka)^ we love thee

maihiandosiekanese, we love them

tDaiyandosteka^ he loves us

waiyandoyasieka, thou loved us

yando9tekanese, he loves them (or they love him)

yandomutekana, they love me

kohinanhltoay he struck (or strikes) him
kohinankyihtwa, he struck thee
kohiTianmffiiwaf he struck me

1883.3

33

[Hale.

■ft' '>■.•'' ■

kohinanwaJiiiDa, I struck him
kohinant/ahlwa, thou struckest him
kohinanknjoiyahtuoa, thou struckest me
kohinanmankihlvoa, we struck him

gikoha (or Jdkbha), he calls to him

uigikoJia, I call to him

waitigikoha^ (for wayifigikoJia), I call to thee

injikoJdse (for yirtgikohue), he calls to thee

injikopolese, he calls to you *

minjikoha, he calls to m3

yigikoJiay thou callest to him

ingikopua, they call to you

giko/ianese, they call to ihem

From the foregoing examples it is evident that the system of transitions
in the Tutelo is as complete as in the Dakota and Ilidatsa. But there are
apparently some peculiar euphonic changes, and some of the pronouns are
indicated by terminal mflections, particularly in the second person plural
and in the third pSerson singular and plural.

In the Tutefe as in the Dakota ami Hidatsa, substantives and adjectives
are readily conVemd into neuter verbs by the addition or insertion of the
pronouns and the veH^l suffixes. It is in this manner ibat these languages^
like other Indian tonghes, are generally enabled to dispense with the use
of the substantive verb.] Thus in the Dakota wiff^rtt^ta, man, by inserting
the pronoun rna, I, becpmes wimat(;f<;tQ^^f^wit<^rimfif;tay I am a man, and^by
inserting un (we) and adding the plural affix pi, becomes wiun'^rn^tapi, we
are men. So also tDaqU, good, becomes mawaqte, I am good, ttnwaqtepi, we
are good.

In the Tutelo the word zoaTitdka, or wahtdkat, man, is inflected as follows :

wamihtdkai. I am a man.

wayilUdkai, thou art a man.

wahfdkai^ he is a man.

miwamilUdkai^ we are men.

tnwafUdkai, ye are men. ^

iLukwafudkai, they are men.

The last two forms appear not to be regular, and may have been given,
by mistake. HukwaMaJcai probably means ** all are men."
This verb may take the aorist form, as :

wamihiakdwa, I am (or was) a man.
loayUUiikduoa, thou art (or wast) a man.
wahtakduoa, he is (or was) a man, &c.

So the adjectiye It, good, becomes, with the aorist affix iwt, llwa, he is
(or was) good ; yimUitjoa, thou art good ; mimliuaa, I am good. In the

PROC. AltelL PHU-OS. 80C. XXI. 114. E. PnrNTED MAY 8, 1883.

/

\:%^l

i ■

t'i

Hale.}

34

lMarch2,

present tense we have disc^ he is good ; ebile<e, thej are good ; and in the
preterit, ebikr^a^ lie was good.

Adterbs.

In many cases, as has Bfeen already shown, the English adverb is indi-
cated in the Tulelo by a modification of the verb. The negative adverb,
for example, is usually expressed in this manner, as inin^cselia, he is laugh-
ing, kinksehna^ he is not laughing ; inijltowe, h is mine, kimigltonan, it is
not mine.

Sometimes the meaning which in English would be expressed by an
adverb accompanying a verb, is expressed in Tutelo by two verbs. Thus
we have iJidfia, she is sewing, apparently from a root ilt^ or yeho, to sew ;
and kon^pewa yeho^ she is sewing well, i. €., she is careful in sewing (lit.;
she thinks, or remembers, in sewing) ; kehxna yeJio, she is sewing badly,
i t. e. she does not well in sewing (or is not good at sewing). Here kelnria is
the negative form oTbiwa^ he (or she) is good.

PrcposUiofis.

Many phrases were obtained witha vicwof liscertainingthe prepositions
of the Tutelo, but without success. Sometimes an expression which in
English requires a preposition would in the Tutelo appear as a distinct
word. Thus, while a^' signifies a house, tokai was given as equivalent to
**in the house." It may perhaps simply mean "at home.*' Prairie is
latdJikoit but owi» signifies "at the prairie,"

Other exanaples would seem to show that the prepositions in the Tutelo,
as in the Hidatsa, and to a large extent in the Dakota; are incorporated
with the verb. Tlius tahkai signifies "woods,*' and tdhkai agineu, he is in
the woods. So «tii, hill, and *ut agine^, he is on the hill. The phrase
"I am going to the house*' was rendered wffeta iatt, and the phrase "I
am coming from the bouse," by tcakleta iad. The practice of combining
the preposition with the verb is very common in the Indian languages,
which merely carry to a greater extent a familiar usage of the Aryan speech.
The expressions, to ascend or descend a hill, to circumnavigate a lake, to
, overhang a fence, to undermine a wall, are examples of an idiom so pre-
valent in the Indian tongue^ as to supersede not merely the cases of nouns,
but to a large extent the separable prepositions.

Coniunctions.

In the Tutelo, conjunctions appear to be less frequently used than in
3^nglish. An elliptical form of speech is employed, but with no loss oi*
clearness. The phrase " when I came, he ^as asleep," is expressed briefly
foihlok, hianka, 1 came, he was asleep. So, "I called the dog, but he did
not come," becomes wagefdkiok t^ohk, kihuna, I called the dog, he came
not. When it is considered necessary or proper, however, the conj unction
is expressed, as latminetia, vuJm Mnika, I did not see him, but John saw
' him. Here *'bat" is expressed by «u.

1883.]

35

[Hale.

Kigas signifies **and," or "also." WaJduniiha tubus nigds masin, I
bought a hat and a knife. Owakldka wakidlca nigds vii/ien nomba lek, I
met a man and two -women.

Li, which expresses "if," appears to be combined with the verb, at least

in promanciation ; thus: Lihlok, wageldgita, If he comes, I will tell him ;

wi/iuta, Jan Uhiok, I will come if John comes. It is noticeable in the last

-two examples that the accent or stress of voice in the word Wuok, if he

comes, appears to vary with the position of the wotd in the sentence.

.^ Syntax.

The only points of interest which were ascertained in regard to the
syntax of the language related to the position of words in a sentence.

The adjective fallows the noun which it qualifies, as walitakeli, good
man, aii asdn, white house. The rule applies to the numerals, as mihdJi
Tion^a, one woman, ad nonbai, two houses. In this respect the Tutelo
conforms to the rule which prevails in the Dakota and Hidatsi languages,
as well as in the dialects of the Iroquois stock. In the Algonkin lan-
guages, on the other hand, the adjective precedes the noun.

The position of the verb appears to be a matter of indigerence. It
sometimes precedes the noun expressing either the subject or the object,
and soiiietimes follows it, the meaning being determined apparently, as in
Latin, by the inflection. Thus **I see a man," is minewa waited j (I see
him a man) ; and ** the man sees me " is miinetoa waiwdj (he sees me the
man). Tr^onko minjo, give me a dog ; kitetqonki, kill the dog. In the last
example the change fromtqonko to tr^onki is apparently not a grammatical
inflection, but is merely euphonic. The verb in the imperative mood suffl-
ciently shows the speaker's meaning, and the position of the noun is a
matter of emphasis. **A dog give me," not a knife ; ** kill the dog," don't
let him escape.

A verb is placed after another verb ta which it bears the relation ex-
pressed by our infinitive ; as mingiloqko wakteta, let me kill him (allow
me, I will kill him), Wakonta opetay I will make him go (I cause him he*
will go).

The euphonic changes which words undergo in construction with other
words are as marked in this language as they are in the proper Dakota
tongue, and seem to be often of a simDar, if not identical, cliaracter in the
two languages. Thus in Dakota the word qunka, dog, becomes qnnJce
when a possessive pronoun. is prefixed. In the Tutelo a similar change
takes place when the position of the noun is altered ; thus we have tq^mko
mingd, give me a dog ; kite iqonki, kill the dog. The terminal vowel is
frequently dropped, and the consonant preceding it undergoes a change ;
thus in Dakota yuza, to hold, becomes ym in the phrase yus majin, to
stand holding. In Tutelo naJidmbi (properly nahdnbi) or nalidbi, day,
becomes naJidmp (or nalidp)^ in nahdmp Idli (or nahdp lali), three days.
In- such instances the two words which are thus in construction are pro-
nounced as though they formed a single word.

\

\

.K'l

.«ii = ','-i

Hale.]

36

[March X

VOCABULARY.

Particular care was taken to obtain, as correctly asx>ossible, all the words
comprised in the comparative vocabulary adopted by (Jallatin for his Syn-
opsis of the Indian languages- 3Iany other words, expressive of the most
common objects or actions, have been added. Th6 alphabetical arrange-
ment is adopted for convenience of reference, in lieu of the different order
which Gallatin preferred for the purposes of his work. The Dakota and
Hidatsa words are derived from the dictionaries of Mr. Riggs and Dr.
Matthews, with the necessary changes of orthography which are required
for the direct comparison of the three languages.

When several words are given in the Tutelo list, they are sometimes, as
will be seen, mere variations of pronunciation or of grammatical fonn, and
nometimes entirely distinct expressions. The Tutelo has no less than four
words for "man," waTUdJca, waiyuwa (or waiicaq) yu'ik(tn, B,ndndna, which
have doubtless different shades of meaning, though these were not ascer-
tained. There are also two distinct words meaning "to see," inema, and
olidta, and two for **go," opewaiiniXqaUi {or, ralher opa and la, answering
to apa and ya in Dakota). A more complete knowledge of the language
would doubtless afford the peans of discriminating between these appa-
rently synonymous terms.

The words marked n in/the vocabulary are those which were received
from Nikonha hiinselfTT^he pronunciation of these words may be accepted
as that of a Tutelo of the full blood, and as affording a test of the correct-
ness of the others.

' Tutelo.

Dakota.

Hidatsa.

AUve

ini, eni, inina

ni ^

hiwakatsa

AU

huk, hdk, okalidk

iyuqpa

qukaheta; etsa

And

nigas

kha: iQa; ufikafi;

nakun

^ iQa

Arm "

h:<j'o (n) histo

isto

ara

ArrotD

mafiksii; mankol(N]

f wanhinkpe

ita, maita

Ashes

alapdk

ttfxqota

midutsapi

Aunt

watemai; tomin

tunwin

i<;ami; ika

Autumn

tanyi, la'i

ptanyetu

mata

Awake

kiklese

kikta

itsi ; hidamitats

Axe

niscp (n), hisepi,

his^p ^;

onspe

maiptsa

Bad

okayek (n) J^ayik,

ukayik

<;it<;a

ida

Bag

maUksui

ojuha

IQi

Baa

tapi

tapa

m&otapi

Berk (n)

qapi ; yohiiik

f-jShSk

midaiQi ; qiipi (v)

Bear

monti (n) monti.

mctj^di '

mato

daqpitsi

Beads

watai

totodaS

akutohi

1883.]

37

[Hale.

Tutelo.

Dakota.

Hidatsa.

Bmder

yaop (n) raunaqka

tQipa

mirapa

Beard

ye hi ; istihioi

putinhin (h:n. hair,

,

iQ'J, underlip)

iki (hi, hair)

Bed

sasi

owinja

^duqilpi

Beg

oyandise

da; kida

kadi

Bird

mayink

zitka ; wakinyan

tsakaka

Bird'sTiest

mayefigi^qta,

hoqpi

ikiQi

BUeog(So)

latkusisel.

yaksa

adudatsa /

Black

asdpi, asiip to)

sapa

dpi /

Blood

wayi (N) y

we

idi J

Blue

asoti

to; sota

tohi

JSody

tesi ; yuqUki

tan<ja£l ; (tefi^belly) iqo (titsi, thick*

-

d.

stout)

Boa (p>)

hielia

ohan ; ipiqya

midue

Bone

waboi, wahui

hu

hidu

Booh

minagi

wowapi

.

Boy

wakasik (n); guts-

kai ; waitiwa

hokQ'daii ; ko<;k&

makadistamatse

Bow in)

inosik, iposek (n)

itazipa; tinazipe

itanuqa ; minuqa

Brain

was5ti, wasut

nasu

tsuuta

Bread

wagesakwai, wak

sakpai *

aguyapi

madahapi

Break {fo)mth •

foot

lakatkusisel

naksa

anaqoqi

Brother

niwagenumpai (n) ,

inginuinbai

tcifiye

iaka ; itan u ; itame-

Brother, eU^/sr

tsa

(my)

witaiisk ; wital ; wa-

^

hiik

tcinye ; timdo

itametsa; iaka

Brother,

younger imy) wisuiitfc, minon

misunka

matsuka

Buffzlo

lap; mampafidahka

I tatanka ; pte

kedapi ; mite

Bum (v. a.)

inausinga

ghu ; aghu

a&aqa

Bury

suQtese'

ga; huaka

But

mi

tuka

Buy

kilomiha; waglu

"r

.

mililnta .

opeton

maihu

CaUiv.^a.)

kik5ba; gelaki

kitQD

kikuha (invite)
midaluetsa^ mina-

Canoe

minkolhapi, men

-.

kolahapi

wata ; canwata

luetsa

Cat

pus (n) (i. e, puss)
/

inmuQunka (dog-
panther)

Cau9e{v)

kcnita

etQonkiya

I--

t \

Hale.]

38

[March 2,

Tutelo.

Dakota.

Hidatsa.

Cheek

ukst^h

tapon, iyoqa

CJierry

yosankrota

tcafipa, kakanpidan matsu

CJiUd

wakasik; wagots-

kai(see877ia?0

hokQiyopa

daka; makidiQta

Chop (tJ)

lakasase

kaksa

naktsuki

Churn (c)

mampamasawohoka botQO

Claw

oluskese

tsake

tsakaka itsi

Cloud

maqosi (N)

maqpiya

Club

yelieii

tQafi otoza

midakaza titsi

Cold

sani

sni

tsinie

Come

yahua/howa, hi

uwa

bu

Copper

penihei

maza

netsabiQiQi

Count (tj)

yilanaha

yawa

Cranberry

liolinunk

polkaSka, potpanks

L

Crane

kainsiakai

pehan

opitsa

Crow (n) '

kalii

unt<;'<jit(;adan

pedetska .

Cry it)

qaqise

tcjeya

imia

Cut (r) witli

\

knife

lakatkdsa

baksa

naktsuki

Dance (t?)

wagitcji (n), ketqi

wat<ji

kidicji

Darkness

usThaa, obsiha

okpaza (ban, nighV)

oktsi; tatsi

Daughter (my) 'wiiekeL (n), wi-

ohaSke, miohank

: mitcunkQi

maka

Day

nahambe, naliamp,

nahanpe

a3|>etu, anp6

iMpe

Dead

te, teka

ta

jfe

Deer-

witai

taqintga

iQitatuki

Devil {evil

I

spirit)

mampa isi

wakanQitga

\ ' X

Die

te (n), teolaha

ta

t*

Dog

^tQofig (n) tcjongo

►

\

t(jonki, tQofik

Qunka

manuka

Drink (c)

lakpe, lapeta

yatkan

bi ; Vinbi

Duck

iQtai (n), heistaS
maneasei (see

U

Ooose)

magbaksitQa ; skiska mio(6-ka

JSdir

. naqoq (n), nahuh

-nogbe ; nakpa ^

'""^uqi

Earth

amani, amai

maka ^^.^^''^'^

ama

Bsft

luti

yuta y/^

duti (nuti)

Sgg

mayink po3 (see

^/

Bird)

.^ji^a

tsakakadaki

Mght

palin (N) palan:

i, ^ .

X>alali

Qadogban

nopapi

1883.]

39

[Hale.

Tutelo.

Dakota.

Hidatsa.

Eighteen,

agepalali, akipalani

ake (jadoghaS

aqpidopapi

Elecen

agenosai, akinosai

ake wanjidafL

aqpiduetsa

Evening

osihitewa (see Dark-

ness, ^iglity

qayetu

oktsiade

Eye

tasui, tasuye (n)

(mentasiii, my e.)

i<}ta

iQta

Face

taluk na ; tarubna

(inentdl6ken,myf.)ite ; itohnake

ite

Faih&r

eati; tat (n); yat (n)

ate

^te ; tatiQ

Fifteen

agegmi, akekisai

ake-zaptan)

aqpikiqu

Finger .

hak (see Hand)

nape

(jakiadutsamibe

Finger-nails

tsutfaki, tQUtqag

(jake

(^kiiQpu

Fire

pi:Q (N) peti, petij

peta

Fieh

wihoi (n)

hoghaii

mua

Five

kasa (N)kise, kisan,

khahi. kisahani

zaptan

kiqu

Flesh

-wayuqt^ki, wayuq-

• tik.

tQeqpi ; t<;onit<ja

iduk(jiti

Fog

manotiliua

opo

pue

Food

waluti

voyute

maduti

Foot

i<;i (N) isi

siha

itsi

Forehead

tikoi ; pania minte

ite

iqi

Forest

lahkai

t<;ontaSka

Four

t5p (k), tdpa, topai,

toba

topa

topa

Fourteen

agetoba, akitopa

ake-topa

aqpitopa

Fox

tohkai

(jungidan

iqoka

Friend

witahe, witaqa

koda ; kit<;uwa

-idakoe ; iko'pa

Ghost
Oirl

Go

God

Good

Goose

wanuntQi wanagbi

\i*agat<}(N) wakasik;

komqafi (n) witcjinyaSna,

nokidaqi

opewa ; qala ; la ya ; opa
elSgyen, elnga wakaiitanku

ebi (n), bi, pi, ipi,
biwa wa<5te ; pi (obsolete) tsuki

makadi<jtamia ;

miakaza
nakon ; ne ; kaua
daqi, naqi (spmt)

maneasan

magha

Grandfather ekuni, higun tunkanqldan

Grandmother higun - kunsitku ; untQi

Grass > sunktaki (n), muk-

tagi; otdi peji

Great it&ni (K), it an tanka

Green oto (n), otolakoi to

mma

adutaka

ikn

Hale.]

•XV

[March 2,

Tutelo. Dakota.

Hidatsa.

Oun

minkte (n) mazakan

Han

noq wasu

ma'kuqpitftTni

Hair

nal6nwe(N), nant6i,

nat6i natii; bin

ana ; hi

Hand

Handsome

Have

Hat

Hatehet

He

Head

Heart

Here

Htm

Himself

House

How many

Hundred

Hunger (t?)

Husband

hag (N), haki, ak nape (Qake, claw,

finger-nail) Qaki

pire (n), ipl, ipikam -

(see good) owanyag ^aste

tabontaneki tin-ma cjlinlQa ituki

lubus ; kotub63 (n) wapaha apoka

(see axe)

im, i i<;, iye i, ^e

pasuye (n), pasui pa atu

yanti (n), yanti; lapi tcante (tapi, liver) na'ta (apiQa,liver)

nei

e, ei, i
esal, i£&ni
at! (N)

tokenun

*

ukeDi, okeni
kibnindewa

manki

ma, mi, mim

IdUmeorlmy-

self
Ice

Indian '
Iron

Island

^en, detu
iye, iQ
iye, iQ
tipi

tona, tonaka
opawingbe
wotektehda (bun-

gry)

bihna
m:Q, miye

I

iqki

ati

tuami, tuaka

pitikiqtia -

aniiti (hungry)
kida, kina

ma, mi

misanl, misai miye, mi<j, mi<jnana miqki, mitsaki

nonbi; mingiratgah tQ\gha manuqi

li

wahtakai (man)

maas, mas, ma-
si :iorak

histek, stek, stes-
teki

kinhan
ikt<jewit(jasta

mazasapa

wita

amakanoqpaka
uetsa

KetOe

yesifik

t<jegha

Em

kite (N), kte, kitese

kte, kata

Knife

maseni, masei, \na-

,

sai (K) masa

isan

Lake

(see Sea)

Larid

(see Earth)

Laugh

inkseba, inkqe (n)

iqa

Uaf

otoi, otoq (n)

ape; wapa

miduqa
ta, kitabe

maetsi

ka'
midapa

1

Ug
I/mg

Maize

Make
Man

Ma/rry

Me

Meet

Mine

Moan

Morning

41

Tatelo. Dakota,

yeksa (n), ieksa,

yekgal; mini {my

leg) idiki or iniki

yapdske (n) sui;

yumpankatska hanska

[Halo.

yandowasteka

waQtedaka

mandaqei, mataqe

(N)

wamnabeza

aoma, aon

un

walitabka, waiyua

(k), waiyuwa.

waiwaq; yuhkafi.

nona

witQaQta

obon, oboteha

Ota

mi, wi

ma, mi

oaki

akipa

migitowe

mitawa

minosa' (n), mi-

mabei (see Sun) hanyetu-wi
kanabampuai, kana-

babnen {see Day) banhanna

HidatsfL

hatski; (tsua, nor-

row)
kidg<;I

kohati
he, liini

matse, itaka, ^i-

kaka
aba
mi
uzia
matawae

makumidi

ata

Mother

ica (k). hena,benuiL ina

hidu

Mountain

Quqe, subi; obeki qe; paba

amaqami

Mouth

ibi, ib (n) i.

i

Myself

(see ''I alone'*)

Near

inktei, askai kiyedan

ataa

Neck

tasei, mintasei (my

n.) tabu ; dote

ampa

Night

nsi, osi han ; hanyetu

oktsi

Nine

tgaen or tga (n), sa.

£an, ksank; ksa-

*

kai, kasankai naptcjinwanka

nuctsapi

Mneteen

agekisanka unma-napt<jinwanka agpi-nuetsapi

No

yahan, ibao hiya

desa; nesa

None

paqte, paqti poghe

apa

Oak

taskabdl, taskabiii

(K)

midakamiqka

Old

hoakai, bdhka kan

qe, qie

One

nofig (k), nons,

nosai, noSsa wanji, sanni

nuetsa

FBOC. AMKR. PHIL08. 80C. XXI. 114. P. PBIKTBD MAT 8, 1888.

Hate.]

42

[Marches,

Tutelo. Dakota.

Hidatsa.

Oun

maqgitowe unkitawa

matawae '

0ar$dte9

maesai, maesani

midolii

Partridge

vvustetkai zit<;a

Pigeon

mayotkai, wayotkai wakiyedan

Pint^ree

wasti, waste (x) wazi

matsi

Pipe

yehlnstik (n), ihir-
tik, ihenstek (qu,
** mouth-stone'') t<;otanka;; t<jafidu-

hupa

ikipi

Flnmd(p)

pahe apa

pa

Prairie

latahkoi tinta

amaadatsa, teduU

Bain

qaw5i (n), qawoqa,

h^woha, qaw5 magbaju

qade

Btupberry

hasisiai takafihetqa

Bed

atsuti, atcjuti, atcjut duta (scarlet), <y3

i

(red:)

hiQi

Bemember

koSspewa kiksuya

Bit>er

taksita^ taksitai wakpa ; watpa

azi

Bun (e) '

hinda, hanta (n) inyanka

tinie

Say ivy

hahewa (see Speak) eya

ids

Sea

yetani, yetai, ietan mde (lake); mlM-

) jninliqtia (gr^t

wan:(ja (pnewa4;eT]

water)

-See(t)

ohata, inewa, wa- ton wan ; wanyaka

\

qeta wanlidaka

ika ; atsicja

Seven

sag6in (n), sagomei,

sagomink <jakowin

(japua

Seventeen

agesagoxni ake-<;Akowm

aqp:<japua

SewW>

ihoha kagheghe ; ipasisa

kikaki

Sheet

handisonoi (N), an-
gohlei, agore.

agdde tcanhanpa

hupa; itapa

Shoot off it)

opatansel . bopota

Sick

waginoxna yazan

iqoade

Sing ivy

yamuniye (n) dowafi ; ahiyaya

Sitter

minek (n), tahank tawinoqtin ; tanka.

tanku

inu, itaku, i<;amS

Sit

Tnahananka iyotanka

amaki

Sbt

agis (N), akisp.

akaspei ^akpe

Sixteen

agegaspe abe<jakpe

aqpiakama

Ska

mantoi, matoni.

matoi ^maqpiya to

apaqi

1^.1

43

rHale.

Tatelo. Dakota. Hidatsa.

Sleep (r) Myan (n) ; hianta,

liiantkapewa itjtinma hamiy binami

Small kutqkai (n), kutskai,

kotskai tQistinna ; tcjikadan ;

niQkodan kariqta

Snake waseni wan; wamduQka mapok<*a

Son witeka (n), tekai;

qul<;kai(seejS77zaZO t<{inktQi (ko<jk&,

young man) idi<{i

Spealc niqa (n), salai*nta,

saLita^ liabewa,
oaklaka ia;yaotanin id6, infi

Spring (n) ,

weliahempei, weha-

^hlinpe; maste

wetu (maQtfi, warm)

'

Squirrel

nistaqkai

ta(}aahetqi; hetk-
adan;zi(}a

Stamp (tj)

itdthfoot

nankokisek -

natata, natantan

Star

tabunif^kai (^0*tap

»

ninskai

wit<;anqpi

iQka

Stay^(j3)

naSka (see 3U)

yanka

daka

Steal

manon, mandnia

manon

aijadi

Stone

liisl6ki, nislek (jn)

inyan

mi'

Strawberry

haspahinuk

wajuQtetQa

amuiqoka

Strike

kohinualiiwa

apa, kagtaka ^
I suta; wacj'aka

Strong

ilai; soti; wayupak

itsii (

Summer

"wehe piwa (see

Spring)

mdoketu

ade, mande

Sun

mie or niln (n), mi

I

(see Moon)

wi

midi

Stoeep (t)

lakapl^k

kabinta

Ten

potsk (n), putsk,
but<;k, putskai,

putskdni

wikt(;emna

pilika

Thai

ynk&n; neikin

ka, kon

kti

Tlue

bi, yi

ni

ni

Their

gitonnesel

tawapi

itamae i

There

kowai

heti^i; ben; ka; kafiki bidikoa; ktiadi;

t

'«

qekoa

They

imabese

lyfepi

i

Thine

yingitowe

Hitawa

nitawae

Tliirteen

agelali

ftke-yamni

aqpinami

TIdrty

t)atQka nam

Wikt<;emna yaxtmi

dumia-pitikA

::,i5ii;:;:;?

i )y

m

m

Hale.]

U

[March 2,

Tutelo.

Dakota.

Hidatsa.

2%t#

n£ke, nelkin

de; detijedan

hidi; hini

Think

opemiha ; kofispewa

eg n ; ep<ja

idle; inie

Thau

yim, ya, ye

ni<j, ya, ye

na, ni

Thoti$and

okeni butskai, nkeni

mbutskai

kektopawinghe

pitikiqtia akakodi

Three

nan (k) nan],lat;,lanJ

lyamni

nami, nawi

Thunder

tui ; tuhangriia

otin

tabu

ThyBdf

yisai, yesani

niye, niQ

niqki

TU{p)

olohi

iyakacjka ; paqta

dutskiti

Tobacco

y^hni, yihnii

t^andi

ope

lo-day

nah&mbleken (see

'.

Day)

etcjin; nakaha; an-

petu kin de

hini-mape

Tot9

atkasusai

siyukaja ; sipinki)a

itsiadutsamihe

To'fnoTTovh

naliampk (see To-

^

'

day)

beyaketcifikan

ataduk, ataruk

Tongue

netiji, netsi, letci

tQOJi^

dezi (nezi)

Tooth

ilii(N)

ti

i,bi

Town

. mampi, mambi

otonwe

ati,' ati aliu

Tree

oni ; wi^ii (n) mien

o

(see Wood) .

tQan

mina (wood)

Turkey

mandahkai, man-

"' *

diilikai

zit<ja tanka

Twelve ^

agenomba

ake-nonpa

aqpidopa (agpi-
nopa) ^

Twenty

patska nomba

wiktcemna nonpa

nopapitika

Two

nomp (n) nomba

nonpa

nopa, dopa

Ugly

ukayik (see Bad)

owafiyaq sitqa

icia

Uncle (my)

minek'

midekcji; 2Lte(f other) ate ; itadu

^' r

^ mae, wae

on

mido, wiro '

VaUey

onqyayufi

kaksiza ; tqokaS.

amaqaktupi

Faa(u)

yalewa (see Go)

man!

dide

Warm

akateka, akatia

kata ; t<;oza ; ma<;te ade

Warrior

eruiaone

akitQita; mdets

t- •

hunka

akimakikua

Water

. manl (n)

mini

mini, midi

We

mim, mae, wae.

/,

man, maes&n

uS

Weave

anktaka

yaSka ; kazonta

Weep

qskBk .

tQeya

imla

Which

etok

tiikte

tapa

What t$ that f kakanwa

taka (20^00

tapa

I li

1883.1

When

Where
WliiU

Wlw

Whose

Wife

.Wind

Winter
Wolf

Woman

Tutelo.
tokenaq

45

Dakota,
tohinai ; kehan

tpka toki, tokiya ^

asiifii (n), asani,

asai, asei san ; ska

ketoa, heloa tuwe

tewakivuawa tuwetawa

(same as Womari)

raihani tawitQu

maninkie (n)» mam-

unklei, maminkre,

omaklewa tate

waneSi, wanei wani, waniyetu

munktagia (n),

muaktokai, mak-

tukai <}ufiktoket^

miLaiii, mihan (5),

mahei winoliiiitcja, winyan mia

[Halc^

Hidatsa.
tnakadak ; tuaka-

qedu
torn, toka

atuki; oqati

tape

tapeitamae

itadamia ; na

hutsi
mana;tsinie (joold)

motsa ; t<;e<ja

Wood
Work (17)

miyeni, mien, miyci tgin
oknalid qtani

mina

dalie ; kik<^

Te

JeUow

yim (see Thou)
sii

niyepi
zi

dido; niro
tsi

Tee A
Teeterday

aha, aban, awaqa
silo.

lian ; ho
qtanihan

e

iiudiQedu; huri-

Young
Tour (pO

yffiki
yingi:ambui

askatndan wota
- nltawapi

Qeru

P.l:i

m

Hal&i

46

[March 2,

7 OJIBWAYS

1883.]

47

[Hale.

I, ■■«

u

li"-'-:l